PURPOSE Reflection is increasingly being used in higher education, but the criteria to assess the depth of reflection in student essays are difficult to define. This article tested the hypothesis that a good reflective essay contains more terms indicating mental processes. METHODS The authors selected two essays written by first year medical students at The University of Hong Kong, after thei...

Some characterizations on the chain recurrence, chain transitivity, chain mixing property,shadowing and $h$-shadowing for Zadeh's extension are obtained. Besides, it is provedthat a dynamical system is spatiotemporally chaotic provided that the Zadeh's extensionis Li-Yorke sensitive.

The current study analyzes international newspapers headlines depicting Russia attack on Ukraine. Different worldwide were chosen to highlight the embedded ideologies by applying Halliday’s transitivity system as a research instrument. researcher analyzed lexical choices and linguistic devices used in represent Putin war between He investigated way language is newspapers’ headline create emotio...

To learn more knowledge, enabling transitivity is a vital step for lexical inference. However, most of the lexical inference models with good performance are for nouns or noun phrases, which cannot be directly applied to the inference on events or states. In this paper, we construct the largest Chinese verb lexical inference dataset containing 18,029 verb pairs, where for each pair one of four ...

Complete pre-orders can be characterized in terms of the transitivity of the corresponding strict preference and indifference relations. In this paper, we investigate this characterization in a fuzzy setting. We consider two types of completeness (weak completeness and strong completeness) and decompose a fuzzy pre-order by means of an indifference generator, in particular a Frank t-norm. In th...

Suppose a strict preference relation fails to possess maximal elements, so that a choice is not clearly defined. I propose to delete particular instances of strict preferences until the resulting relation satisfies one of a number of known regularity properties (transitivity, acyclicity, or negative transitivity), and to unify the choices generated by different orders of deletion. Removal of st...

As Duncan Luce and other prominent scholars have pointed out on several occasions, testing algebraic models against empirical data raises difficult conceptual, mathematical, and statistical challenges. Empirical data often result from statistical sampling processes, whereas algebraic theories are nonprobabilistic. Many probabilistic specifications lead to statistical boundary problems and are s...

In the literature on social choice with fuzzy preferences, a central question is how to represent the transitivity of a fuzzy binary relation. Arguably the most general way of doing this is to assume a form of transitivity called max-star transitivity. The star operator in this formulation is commonly taken to be a triangular norm. The familiar max-min transitivity condition is a member of this...

This paper presents some generalizations of the Gibbard -Satterthwaite result (1973, 1975) for fuzzy preference relations. It explores the implication of weakening the transitivity condition of the Ben Abdealziz et al.’s (2008) fuzzy manipulability concept. For this purpose, the max-min transitivity is replaced by weaker transitivity: the max-?-transitivity, where ? is a t-norm. In addition, th...