the purpose of the present study was to determine gender differences in the language development and skills of first grade students of primary schools in marivan-iran. to do this, 260 first grade students (140 males and 120 females) were chosen by multi stage cluster sampling and stratified random sampling methods among the first grade students in elementary schools in the 2011-2012 academic ye...

Coursebooks are normally written to contain information, instruction, exposure, and activities that learn- ers at a particular level need to enhance their communicative competence in the target language. Howev- er, many global course books make attempts to include content, topics, and texts that do not disadvantage any learner around the world. That is why global course books normally do ...

PURPOSE In this study, the authors examined the impact of sampling context on multiple aspects of expressive language in male participants with fragile X syndrome in comparison to male participants with Down syndrome or typical development. METHOD Participants with fragile X syndrome ( n = 27), ages 10-17 years, were matched groupwise on nonverbal mental age to adolescents with Down syndrome...

the main goal of early detection of hearing impairment in children is early intervention. there is growing interest in early detection of hearing impairment in developing countries. the main purpose of this study was to investigate the spoken language development in severe to profound hearing impaired children and compared their speech intelligibility with normal hearing children at the same ag...

This paper describes an ongoing eeort to verify the cache coherence protocol of the IEEE/ANSI Standard for Scalable Coherent Interface using the Mur' veriication system. A model of the typical set protocol was constructed in the Mur' description language. This model was augmented with a speciication of properties necessary for cache coherence. The Mur' veriication system automatically checks if...

INTRODUCTION Reading is an acquired-developmental ability that relies on intact language and executive function skills. Verbal fluency tasks (such as verb generation) also engage language and executive function skills. Performance of such tasks matures with normal language development, and is independent of reading proficiency. In this longitudinal fMRI study, we aim to examine the association ...

Acquiring spoken language involves implicitly learning the statistical relations among language units. In this chapter, we review recent behavioral and neurophysiological findings from our research group that illuminate the relation of this type of ‘implicit statistical learning’ (ISL) to language acquisition. First, we review evidence illustrating that ISL mechanisms enable the learner to pred...

This study used a longitudinal design to examine the development of mismatch responses (MMRs) to Mandarin lexical tones, an index of neural speech discriminative responses, in late talkers and typical controls at 3, 5, and 6 years of age. Lexical tones are phonetic suprasegments that distinguish the lexical meanings of syllables in tonal languages. The 2 year-old late talkers were later divided...

Children with a speech or language delay take longer to begin speaking than other children their age. This is different from a speech and language disorder, which occurs when the child’s speech and language development is not typical. Stuttering, lisping, or having trouble pronouncing words are examples of speech disorders. Some speech and language problems can make it hard for a child to learn...