We described herein a concise synthesis of 3',4'-diaminoflavone 10. This new, three-step synthetic approach is more efficient than the conventional seven-step synthetic method. The route is shortened significantly by introducing the amino moieties early and eliminating the need for nitro group reduction. The other two analogues, 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4'-diaminoflavone 11 and 5,7-dimethoxy-3',4'-diam...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161247.].

Background and purpose: Despite growing use of energy-saving lamps or compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), there are concerns about ultraviolet radiation in their output. In this study, the output of CFLs available in Iranian market in the range of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet were measured and the possibility of hydroxyl radical production by their radiation was evaluated. Materials and me...

Exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces photo-damage. Ultraviolet B (UVB) is the major component of UV radiation which induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays an important role in photo-damage. Hydrogen gas reduces ROS and alleviates inflammation. In this study, we sought to demonstrate that hydrogen-rich saline has the effect on skin injuries caus...

Solar radiation sustains and affects all life forms on Earth. In recent years, the increase in environmental levels of solar-UV radiation due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, as a result of anthropogenic emission of destructive chemicals, has highlighted serious issues of social concern. This becomes still more dramatic in tropical and subtropical regions, where the intensity of s...

In his recent commentary, Robins (2009) disputed the role played by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), namely, the vitamin-D-producing wavelengths of ultraviolet B (UVB), in the evolution of human skin. He questioned the theory that reduced levels of pigmentation in human skin were selected to facilitate absorption of UVB. He provided evidence to support his idea that people can produce enough vitami...

In Europe, ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy is being increasingly used for the treatment of skin disease. While this is in part due to an increased awareness of the cancer risks of photochemotherapy (PUVA) there is also evidence that a ‘new’ UVB phototherapy source (TL-01) is more effective than conventional broadband UVB sources, and is possibly as effective as PUVA. A working party of the Brit...

Solar irradiance (W/m2) and downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd; 1/m) were determined in several locations in Prince William Sound (AK, USA) between April 2003 and December 2005 to assess temporal and spatial variation in solar radiation and the risks of photo-enhanced toxicity from spilled oil. Weekly irradiance measurements of surface visible light, ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultra...