the optimal allocation of the chahnimeh water resources among different sectors, viz. domestic, agricultural and environmental consumptions, was determined using the goal programming method in gams, based on the present condition in the area. results showed an increase of 15.4, 44.5 and 230% in allocation of water to domestic, agriculture and environment sectors, respectively, in this method as...

the hydraulic pressure is one of the most important factors in the design of pressure intake tunnels. since the surrounding media cannot usually resist the high internal pressure of these tunnels, they are usually finished with an adequate lining mostly of reinforced concrete, which is an interaction problem between water, soil or rock and concrete lining. although reinforcing the concrete lini...

The design of underground spaces is mainly carried out using empirical, analytical, and numerical methods. The convergence confinement method (CCM) is an analytical technique that is widely utilized in analyzing the stability of underground spaces. However, the main challenge in the stability analysis is the selection of an accurate constitutive model for rock mass, and particularly, its post-f...

Nowadays, tunneling in urban areas is a common activity for a variety of transportations such as subways, water supply, lifelines andsewers that may require blast operations. The characteristics of stress waves of the blast are quite different from earthquake waves. The blast waves are usually of high frequency content, short duration, equality of amplitudes in horizontal and vertical direction...

Nowadays, underground structures play vital role in developing different countries. Such structures are constructed in many civil activities such as development of road and railways, subways, water, gas and sewage lines, underground subways, nuclear wastes land filling, fuel storage and military installations. With an appropriate drilling method being selected, instabilities created in tunnels ...

The evaluation and control of the trains induced vibrations needs even more attention in the case of underground tracks which passes near to monuments and historical sites. The rail corrugations which occur due to the wheels’ impulse loads during the operation period of underground railway tracks, usually amplify the ground borne noise and vibration. In the current study, the mentioned phenomen...

Background: Cement production is associated with heavy metal emissions and environmental pollution by cement dust. The degree of contamination of drinking water sources by major and trace elements present in cement dust generated by united cement factory (UNICEM) is still uncertain. This study estimated the element content of ground and surface water samples (hand-dug wells, boreholes and strea...

water crisis and drought are among the most important issues to which the human has been faced particularly in the recent years; hence, investigation of drought is so important in optimal water management. drought has been known as an environmental phenomenon which is inseparable from climate changes which can occur in any geographical region. various definitions have been presented since yet. ...

Most of Korea’s precipitation is concentrated between June and September, 65% the country’s territory covered with mountains, which means there less time for rainfall to reach surface. These hydrological characteristics pose challenges in securing managing water resources. Moreover, Yeongdong Area Gangwon Province does not easily allow construction reservoirs dams, adds difficulty developing st...