The Ekman boundary layer (EBL) is a non-stratifi ed turbulent layer of fl uid in a rotated frame of reference. The EBL comprises two sub-layers, namely, the surface sub-layer, where small scale well-developed turbulence dominates, and the core sub-layer, where large scale self-organized turbulence dominates. This study reports self-organization of large scale turbulence in the EBL as simulated ...

moment-resisting frames have extensive usage in earthquake-prone areas and high ability in energy dissipation.after the earthquake in northridge 1994,kobe 1995 fixed connections of steel structures have shown poor performance and generally they were caught brittle fracture of beam flange weld to the column.in order to remedy to avoid similar situations in future earthquakes,researchers introduc...

We show examples of S-S images created from multicomponent seismic data generated by vertical-force sources that can be quite useful to seismic interpreters. Two source types are used: vertical vibrators and shot-hole explosives. We first discuss S-S images made from data generated by a vertical vibrator and recorded with vertical receiver arrays of 3C geophones. We next show images extracted f...

In human body movement simulation such as vertical jump by a forward dynamic model, optimal control theories must be used. In the recent years, new methods were created for solving optimization problems which they were adopted from animal behaviors and environment events such as Genetic algorithm, Particle swarm and Imperialism competitive. In this work, the skeletal model was constructed by Ne...

[Purpose] The mechanical strength of wheelchair and seating products is specified by standards to ensure user safety. However, some individual users are affected by severe spasticity resulting from cerebral palsy that occasionally breaks such devices. Until recently, reports of quantitative measurement of these mechanical overloads have been scarce, and the exact loads applied have been unknown...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different orthodontic vertical loop height and design on its force characteristics at different amount of loop activation by means of finite element method (FEM) analysis. Materials andMethods: Four 3D FEM models were designed of double vertical open loop (DVOL) and double vertical helical open loop (DVHOL) each of them in two heigh...

in this paper, a two-dimensional reynolds averaged navier-stokes (rans) model is developed to simulate the shoaling, breaking and overtopping of a solitary wave over a vertical breakwater. turbulence intensity is described by using a k turbulence closure model and the free surface configuration is tracked by volume of fluid (vof) technique. to validate the numerical model the simulation result...

An intensive experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of vertical tail, single and twin (with different cant angles) on the flow field and the corresponding aerodynamic forces and moments of a model of a fighter A/C. Aerodynamic forces under different flight conditions and different vertical tail settings were measured in a supersonic wind tunnel. Furthermore, effects of ver...

PURPOSE Nowadays, fashion has caused that many young women are wearing high-heeled shoes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term walking in high-heeled shoes on the foot mechanics during barefoot gait. METHODS Forty-three young women (22 ± 2.1 years) divided into two groups participated in this retrospective cohort study. The first group was composed of women...