introduction: job stress is one of the main characteristics of modern life which is increasing and has been recognized as an important risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. the present study was conducted to determine the association between job stress at work environment and cardiovascular diseases. materials and methods: a number of 300 persons including 150 cases and 150 controls were cons...

The striatum is a key neural interface for cognitive and motor information processing in which associations between reward value and visual stimulus can be used to modify motor commands. It can guide action-selection processes that occur farther downstream in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit, by encoding the reward value of an action. Here, we report on the study of simultaneously recorded neuron...

The brain's most difficult computation in decision-making learning is searching for essential information related to rewards among vast multimodal inputs and then integrating it into beneficial behaviors. Contextual cues consisting of limbic, cognitive, visual, auditory, somatosensory, and motor signals need to be associated with both rewards and actions by utilizing an internal representation ...

In several regions of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed response tasks at a rate determined by the value of the reward expected at the end of the trial. The activity of these neurons might be related either to the internal representation of the appetitive value of the expected reward or to motivation-dependent variations in the monkey's level of motor preparation or motor output. A...

fish is one of the important nutrient sources in many parts of the world. consumption of fish like other parts of the world is high in khoozestan province. the role of fish in transmission of some parasitic agents to human is investigated by many researchers. this study aims to investigate internal and external zoonosis parasites and the importance of these parasites in transferring disease in ...

In several regions of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed response tasks at a rate determined by the value of the reward expected at the end of the trial. The activity of these neurons might be related either to the internal representation of the appetitive value of the expected reward or to motivation-dependent variations in the monkey's level of motor preparation or motor output. A...

Human beings seek out social interactions as a source of reward. To date, there have been limited attempts to identify different forms of social reward, and little is known about how the value of social rewards might vary between individuals. This study aimed to address both these issues by developing the Social Reward Questionnaire (SRQ), a measure of individual differences in the value of dif...

Behavior is controlled by both external instructions and internal motives, but the actions demanded by each may be different. A common consequence of such a conflict is a delay in decision making and subsequent motor responses. It is unknown, however, what neural mechanisms underlie motivational conflict and associated response delay. To answer this question, we recorded single-neuron activity ...