As molecular labels for cells and tissues, fluorescent probes have shaped our understanding of biological structures and processes. However, their capacity for quantitative analysis is limited because photon emission rates from multicolour fluorophores are dissimilar, unstable and often unpredictable, which obscures correlations between measured fluorescence and molecular concentration. Here we...

Brightness induction is the modulation of the perceived intensity of a region by the luminance of surrounding regions and reveals fundamental properties of neural organization in the visual system. Grating induction affords a unique opportunity to precisely measure the temporal properties of induction using a quadrature motion technique. Contrary to previous reports that induction is a sluggish...

in this research, the effect of different concentrations of pectinase has been investigated on deinking of old newspaper (onp). onp re-pulped at 5% consistency for 10 min in disintegrator (with 2650 rpm). enzymatic treatment of recycled onp pulp was done under constant conditions (10% consistency, duration time of 20 min, ph range of 4.5-5) at different pectinase concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2,...

Problem statement: The “eye-brain” complex, which contributes maximally to visual perception, is no doubt a very interesting object for complexity study. In this review we shall try to present some of its aspects in perceiving brightness. It is a well-known fact that the perceived brightness of any surface depends on the brightness of the surfaces that surround it, a phenomenon termed as bright...

Blakeslee and McCourt [Blakeslee, B., & McCourt, M.E. (1997). Similar mechanisms underlie simultaneous brightness contrast and grating induction. Vision Research, 37, 2849-2869] demonstrated that a multiscale array of two-dimensional difference-of-Gaussian (DOG) filters provided a simple but powerful model for explaining a number of seemingly complex features of grating induction (GI), while si...

Retrieved profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water are obtained through neural net inversions of the brightness temperatures, where the neural net is trained using radiosonde soundings and corresponding forward modeled brightness temperatures. An observation operator has also been developed for the direct assimilation of the measured brightness temperatures, using the forwar...

Whole disk brightness ratios for Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars are reported at 5.7, 9.5, 16.4, and 22.5 cm. Using models for the brightness temperature of Mars, the whole disk brightness temperatures for Jupiter and Saturn are also given for the four frequencies. Subject headings: balloons — cosmic microwave background — infrared: solar system — planets and satellites: individual (Jupiter, Mars, Sa...

Several brightness illusions indicate that borders can dramatically affect the perception of adjoining surfaces. In the Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet illusion, in particular, two equiluminant surfaces can appear different in brightness due to the contrast border between them. Although the psychophysical nature of this phenomenon has been well characterized, the neural circuitry underlying this effect...