Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is the only protein in nature that contains hypusine, an unusual amino acid residue formed posttranslationally by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Although the eIF-5A gene is essential for cell survival and proliferation, the precise function and localization of eIF-5A remain unclear. In this study, we have determined the subcellular...

Wnt-5a is a representative ligand that activates a beta-catenin-independent pathway in Wnt signalling. In the present paper, the roles of the post-translational modifications in the actions of Wnt-5a were investigated. We found that Wnt-5a is modified with palmitate at Cys104 and glycans at Asn114, Asn120, Asn311 and Asn325. The palmitoylation was not essential for the secretion of Wnt-5a, but ...

WNT-5A, a key player in embryonic development and post-natal homeostasis, has been associated with a myriad of pathological conditions including malignant, fibroproliferative and inflammatory disorders. Previously, we have identified WNT-5A as a transcriptional target of TGF-β in airway smooth muscle cells and demonstrated its function as a mediator of airway remodeling. Here, we investigated t...

This study presents a detailed morphological analysis of a new species belonging to the blind trilobite Trimerocephalus McCoy, 1849, T. chopini n. sp., based on exceptionally well preserved articulated specimens from the Late Devonian (Early Famennian) of the Holy Cross Mountains in central Poland. The occurrence of this taxon in Kowala Quarry near Kielce has been reported previously, with spec...

UNLABELLED The central amygdala (CeA) nucleus, a subcortical structure composed of mostly GABA-releasing (GABAergic) neurons, controls fear expression via projections to downstream targets in the hypothalamus and brainstem. The CeA consists of the lateral (CeL) and medial (CeM) subdivisions. The CeL strongly gates information transfer to the CeM, the main output station of the amygdala, but lit...

We present a method for image compositing and rendering using 2D geometric shapes or raster images as input primitives, disposed in a 3D environment around which the camera can move. An animation system has been implemented which calculates camera and scene information to render the frames. The key features of this quasi3D system are described. Two animations generated by the system are given a...

Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by longterm progressive inflammation of the pancreatic gland, leading to permanent deterioration of its structure and to development of malabsorption, debilitating pain and diabetes mellitus. The annual incidence of the disease has been estimated to 5-10 per 100,000 persons in Western countries. The persistent pancreatic inflammation also confers a high ris...

XWnt-5A, a member of the nontransforming Wnt-5A class of Wnt ligands, is required for convergent extension movements in Xenopus embryos. XWnt-5A knockdown phenocopies paraxial protocadherin (XPAPC) loss of function: involuted mesodermal cells fail to align mediolaterally, which results in aberrant movements and a selective inhibition of constriction. XWnt-5A depletion was rescued by coinjection...