An ω-language over a finite alphabet X is a set of infinite sequences of letters of X. Previously studied syntactic equivalence relations defined by ω-languages have mainly been relations on X∗. In this paper the emphasis is put on relations in Xω, by associating to an ω-language L a congruence on Xω, called the ω-syntactic congruence of L. Properties of this congruence and notions induced by i...

Since congruence modulo m is an equivalence relation, it partitions the universe of integers into equivalence classes, which we’ll call congruence classes modulo m. Within any one of these classes, all of the members are congruent to all of the other members; but congruence modulo m never holds between members of different equivalence classes. For instance, there are two congruence classes modu...

It is evident from the definition that the class of all BCK-algebras is a quasivariety. Yet it is not a variety, nor does the largest subvariety of BCK exist—as shown in Wroński [2], Kabziński & Wroński [3], respectively. Several subvarieties of BCK have been isolated and thoroughly investigated, which has led to a substantial body of results (cf. e.g., Blok & Raftery [4]). Nevertheless, the qu...

Congruence is the degree to which one’s personality matches one’s behavior in a particular situation. On four separate occasions over several weeks, 202 undergraduate participants described a situation they encountered the previous day and their behavior. Analyses considered overall congruence as well as distinctive congruence, adjusted for the match of personality and behavior to the normative...

We investigate the degree of congruence between preferred and actual levels of ten management control system (MCS) practices in the areas of budgeting, performance evaluation, and compensation. Survey results from responsibility centre managers indicate significant disagreements between preferred and actual levels for most MCS practices. Congruence states of deprivation, satisfaction, and satur...

Modularity refers to the use of common units to create product variants. As companies strive to rationalize engineering design, manufacturing, and support processes and to produce a large variety of products at a lower cost, modularity is becoming a focus. However, modularity has been treated in the literature in an abstract form and it has not been satisfactorily explored in industry. This pap...