The Afghan resistance sees its struggle more in terms of a "holy war" (jihad) than as a war of national liberation. In a country in which reference to the "nation" is avery recent phenomenon, where the State is perceived as exterior to society and where allegiance belongs to the local community, Islam remains the sole point of reference for all Afghans. It is only in the southern Pushtun tribal...

Literature concerning the effects of Ramadan fasting on sports performance presents conflicting results. In this context, some studies reported a significant impairment of sports performance during the month of Ramadan. However, other studies suggested that Ramadan fasting has no significant effect on physical performance.  The discrepancies between the studies could be explained by time-of-day...

A. The reviewers asked to expand the links between culture, religion and discrimination. Specifically mention to page 5, line participants were subject to “discrimination by Islamic religious officials with some feeling reluctant to access medical services...." The authors have clarified the ways in which actions by the religious community influence medical providers' opinions and trans women's...

The history of science is often regarded today as the progressive accumulation of techniques and the refinement of quantitative methods in the study of Nature. Such a point of view considers the present conception of science to be the only valid one; it therefore judges the sciences of other civilizations in the light of modern science and evaluates them primarily with respect to their "develop...

Muslims in America are an ethnically diverse group, coming from more than sixty nations and representing very different racial, linguistic, tribal, educational, and cultural backgrounds. Yvonne Haddad groups them into three categories: immigrants, converts, and sojourners (Conser, 218-219). This article will focus on those who have converted to Islam in America, with particular attention to the...

This book investigates the central role of reason in Islamic intellectual life. Despite widespread characterization of Islam as a system of belief based only on revelation, JohnWalbridge argues that rational methods, not fundamentalism, have characterized Islamic law, philosophy, theology, and education since the medieval period. His research demonstrates that this medieval Islamic rational tra...

1 Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Ulin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. 3 Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Airlangg...