Ions in water are the liquid of life. Life occurs almost entirely in 'salt water'. Water itself (without ions) is lethal to animal cells and damaging for most proteins. Water must contain the right ions in the right amounts if it is to sustain life. Physical chemistry is the language of electrolyte solutions. Physical chemistry and biology are intertwined. Physical chemists and biologists come ...

In this paper, I want to review theoretical models of two social phenomena: the dynamics of an applauding audience and the collective motion of people in a stadium forming a La Ola wave. In particular, I want to stress how phase transitions occur in these theoretical models and how these transitions emerge macroscopically.

During eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerase (RNAP) translocates along DNA molecules covered with nucleosomes and other DNA binding proteins. Though the interactions between a single nucleosome and RNAP are by now fairly well understood, this understanding has not been synthesized into a description of transcription on crowded genes, where multiple RNAP transcribe through nucleosomes while p...

The conscious representation we build from the visual environment appears jumbled in the periphery, reflecting a phenomenon known as crowding. Yet, it remains possible that object-level representations (i.e., resulting from the binding of the stimulus' different features) are preserved even if they are not consciously accessible. With a paradigm involving gaze-contingent substitution, which all...

Counting and tracking vehicles in very crowded scenes is a very challenging problem, where many products require discipline conditions to deal with. In this paper, a novel algorithm for automatically counting the number of moving vehicles and estimating their velocities and paths in regular and very crowded scenes, under different conditions, is presented. In this method, interest points are de...

Ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones react smoothly with in situ generated thiocarbonyl S-methanides to give 1,3-dithiolanes. In the case of aromatic S-methanides, the sterically more crowded 4,4,5,5-tetrasubstituted 1,3-dithiolanes (2-CH2 isomers) were formed as sole products. The reactions with cycloaliphatic S-methanides led to mixtures of 2-CH2 and 5-CH2 isomers with the major component being the...

Eric van Douwen [5] produced a maximal crowded extremally disconnected regular space and showed that its Čech–Stone compactification is an at most two-to-one image of βN. We construct for any n = 3 an example of a compact crowded space Xn that is an image of βN under a map all of whose fibers have either size n or n− 1. We also show that under CH this is best possible.

We present a model for diffusion in a molecularly crowded environment. The model consists of random barriers in a percolation network. Random walks in the presence of slowly moving barriers show normal diffusion for long times but anomalous diffusion at intermediate times. The effective exponents for square distance vs time usually are below one at these intermediate times, but they can also be...

Surveys in several office buildings have shown that crowded work places, job dissatisfaction and physical environment are the main factors affecting productivity. the data was produced and analyzed using occupational stress indicator in conjunction with the analytical hierarchical process. thermal problems, stuffiness, sick building syndrome factors and crowded work places were most frequent co...