Baculovirology has been studied on the African continent for development of insect virus-based biopesticides and, to a much lesser extent, vaccine production and delivery, since 1960s. In this review, we focus only baculoviruses as agricultural pests in Africa. At least 11 species baculovirus have discovered or continent, some with several distinct isolates, objective most cases being biopestic...

In the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) plant volatiles attract males and females by upwind flight and synergise the male response to the female-produced sex pheromone, indicating a close relationship between the perception of social and environmental olfactory signals. We have studied the anatomical and functional organisation of the antennal lobe (AL), the primary olfac...

Electroantennograms (EAGs) of Cydia pomonella (L.), Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott, and Grapholita molesta (Busck) documented the presence and duration of long-lasting peripheral adaptation after pheromone preexposure. Moths of each species were preexposed for 1 h to varying dosages (100 ngÐ100 mg) of the major components of their respective pheromone blends in 1-liter Teßon containers with constan...

The larval attractant kairomonc, ethyl (2E. 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate or pear ester (PE), was tested in a Californian walnut orchard for its control efficacy against codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a microencapsulated bait spray formulation (PE-MEC) combined with various insecticides (choropyrifos, phosmet, methoxyfenozide and a granulosis virus, Cyd-X). PE-ME...

Lepidopteran insects use sex pheromones to communicate for mating. Olfactory communication and mate-finding can be prevented by permeating the atmosphere with synthetic pheromone. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption has become a commercially viable pest management technique and is used to control the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, a key insect pest of apple, on 160,000 ha worldwide. The codlin...

Levels of HSP70 protein of fifth-instar codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] are determined after conditioning at 35 C for different times and also after recovery at 22 C. Protein samples from larvae conditioned for different times are separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis electrophoresis. Sub-lethal thermal conditioning at 35 C for 40...