background: estimating pain in patients of intensive care unit (icu) is essential, but because of their special situation, verbal scales cannot be used. therefore, to estimate the level of pain, behavioral pain scale was developed by payen in 2001. objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of behavioral pain scale in patients with low level of consciousne...

Tietze’s syndrome is an inflammatory disorder, which frequently misdiagnosed as the severe life-threating problem. Herein, we reported a case of a 23-year-old male, who complained about the acute chest pain after pneumonia complication. After full examination, he diagnosed as Tietze’s syndrome. Since the precise diagnosis of Tietze’s syndrome has a great importance, our report may raise conscio...

The schizophrenic experience is described as an inability to sustain an intentional focus to attention. Attention is captured by incidental details in the schizophrenic patient's environment, and this gives rise to a spurious sense of significance. The patient's inability to direct a train of thought prevents full access to long-term memory so that early components of perception, which are desi...

Abstract Introduction: Health consciousness is a theoretical construct that, depending on the concept, constitutes psychological structure expressed primarily in cognitive and behavioural sphere. It determines how individuals respond to health issues extent which they are ready take action improve them. The level of patient his/her family has an impact achieved therapeutic effects. Due lack ana...

Postconcussional disorder (PCD) has been described in the psychiatric, neurological, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation medicine literature for many years. PCD has recently been introduced into DSM-IV, appearing in an appendix that contains a number of proposals for new categories and axes that were suggested for possible inclusion in DSM-IV. There are some major difficulties with the propo...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To evaluate in disorders of consciousness (DOC) circadian variations in motor patterns and their possible synchronization with physiologically regulated light variations and/or a social environmental factor, i.e. presence and actions of other persons. METHODS Actimetric and ambient light levels recordings were obtained during 4-9 days in two patients with traumatic brai...