The ability to optimize decisions and adapt them to changing environments is a crucial brain function that increase survivability. Although much has been learned about the neuronal activity in various brain regions that are associated with decision making, and about how the nervous systems may learn to achieve optimization, the underlying neuronal mechanisms of how the nervous systems optimize ...

The activity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons promotes behavioral responses to rewards and environmental stimuli that predict them. VTA GABA inputs synapse directly onto DA neurons and may regulate DA neuronal activity to alter reward-related behaviors; however, the functional consequences of selective activation of VTA GABA neurons remains unknown. Here, we show that in vi...

energy consumption is considered as a critical issue in wireless sensor networks (wsns). batteries of sensor nodes have limited power supply which in turn limits services and applications that can be supported by them. an efcient solution to improve energy consumption and even trafc in wsns is data aggregation (da) that can reduce the number of transmissions. two main challenges for da are: (i)...

Background The parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are traditionally asked to provide a global assessment of disease status by rating the child's overall level of well-being (WB) on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS). However, it has been advised that this measure does not provide a precise assessment of DA because it is largely affected by the presence of disease dama...

Limited information exists concerning arterial blood pressure (BP) changes in underwater breath-hold diving. Simulated chamber dives to 50 m of freshwater (mfw) reported very high levels of invasive BP in two divers during static apnea (SA), whereas a recent study using a noninvasive subaquatic sphygmomanometer reported unchanged or mildly increased values at 10 m SA dive. In this study we inve...

Abstract This study attempted to check the impact of two dynamic assessment (DA) models on speaking CAF. DA, as opposed static assessment, is conceived an interactive approach that integrates teaching and testing into a unified instructional engagement. To achieve goals this research, convenience sample 90 upper-intermediate male EFL learners were randomly assigned GDA, C-DA, non-DA control gro...

the present study aimed at investigating the possible impact ofzone of proximal development (zpd) on the learners’ performance. forty-sixiranian university students participated in this study by taking two types of readingcomprehension tests (i.e., the main idea and wh-question type). the researchersused the winstep program to analyze the data and estimate the learners’ raschmeasure in pre, pos...

In this document we define the Dependability Analysis Modelling profile, namely DAM profile. The process of deriving a DAM profile has been going through several steps. First of all, an in depth analysis of the literature has been carried out, in order to collect in a checklist the information requirements for the profile. Then a two-step approach for the profile definition has been followed. I...