one of the fundamental principles of jurisprudential deduction is wisdom. if islamic command are not found in holy book and traditions, or there is no consensus, religious perception can be inferred through wisdom. wisdom is like an inner prophet. in the era of occultation a jurist or a religious leader can render an appropriate sentence (verdict) on the basis of collective and individual crite...

Rebel mobilization is a crucial component of conflict initiation, but the existing civil war literature has not given adequate attention to this element in an ethnic group’s decision to fight. In this paper we look at the mobilization process by considering the impact of intragroup economic inequality on conflict. We argue that an ethnic group’s economic inequality is negatively related to its ...

By some accounts, global economic inequality is at its highest point on record. The pernicious effects of this broad societal trend are striking: Rising inequality is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries, continents, and cultures. The economic and psychological forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and in this theoretical review, we examine the role of dai...

OBJECTIVE The present inquiry set to determine the economic inequality in history of stillbirth and understanding determinants of unequal distribution of stillbirth in Tehran, Iran. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 5170 pregnancies in Tehran, Iran, since 2015. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to measure the asset-based economic status. Concentrat...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The relationship between population health and inequality in income distribution has attracted much attention during the last two decades. The purpose of this paper is to examine that relationship using Israeli time-series data, and considering three types of income: economic, pre-tax, and disposable. METHODS Israeli time series (1979-2000) on life expectancy of men ...

The rapid increase of wealth inequality in the past few decades is a most disturbing social and economic issue of our time. In order to control, and even reverse that surge, its origin and underlying mechanisms should be revealed. One of the challenges in studying these mechanisms is to incorporate realistic individual dynamics in the population level in a self-consistent manner. Our theoretica...

This paper examines the two-way relationship between inequality and economic fluctuations, and the implications for human development. For years, the dominant paradigm in macroeconomics, which assumed that income distribution did not matter, at least for macroeconomic behavior, ignored inequality—both its role in causing crises and the effect of fluctuations in general, and crises in particular...

Inrecent years political scientists and economists have spent considerable efforts investigating the impact of income inequality both on political institutions and social conflict (Boix 2003, 2008; Acemoglu and Robinson 2006; Geddes 2007) and on growth and development (Atkinson andBourguignon 2000). In this article I focus on the latter question: I discuss the extent to which (that is, the cond...