By introducing a thin ZnO layer as an optical spacer, we have demonstrated that inserting this layer between an active layer and a reflective electrode results in a re-distribution of the optical electric field inside bulk heterojunction solar cells. A theoretical analysis by optical modeling showed that the thin ZnO layer could shift the position of the maximum of the electric field into the a...

Figure 4-7 Time series of surface diameter (Ds), surface concentration (EAD signal and total particle concentration (DMS count) for a) DPX; b) Baseline-UDDS run.. Figure 5-3 (a) Emission factors of PAHs, hopanes and steranes of baseline and control device-equipped vehicles in UDDS cycle. (b) Emission factors of n-alkanes and acids of baseline and control device-Figure 5-4 (a) Emission factors o...

Our main objective in carrying out this project was to provide the quadriplegic patient, who cannot use his arms, with means of control over his direct environment. Residual head motion was considered to be adequate, first, to control an electric wheelchair and, second, to extend that same control to an orthotic device which may include an active elbow and a prehension orthosis . The latter is ...

In this work, the effect of applying an electric field on droplet formation in a T-junction microfluidic device is examined by simulations based on a recent technique known as lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The electric field is applied in the main channel just beyond the confluence of the continuous and dispersed phases. A combined electrohydrodynamics-multiphase model that can simulate the f...