Real time-qPCR is the most reliable method for evaluation of mRNA expression levels. However, to obtain accurate results, selection of suitable reference genes is necessary for normalizing the real-time qPCR data. The aim of this research was to validate the expression stability of three potential reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH and UXT) in milk somatic cells of Holstein dairy cattle under differe...

Background:Potyvirus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used for knocking down the expression of a target gene in numerous plant species. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a monopartite, positive single strand RNA virus. Objectives:pBINTRA6 vector was modified by inserting a gene segment of SCMV in place of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) genome part 1 (TRV1 or RNA1)...

Reference pricing (RP) theories predict different outcomes when reference prices are fixed (exogenous) versus being a function of market prices (MPs) (endogenous). Exogenous RP results in MPs at both high-price and low-price firms converging towards the reference price from above and below, respectively. Endogenous RP results in MPs at both high-price and low-price firms decreasing, with low-pr...

Identification of reference genes with stable levels of gene expression is an important prerequisite for obtaining reliable results in analysis of gene expression data using quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). Since the underlying assumption of reference genes is that expressed at the exact same level in all sample types, in this study, we evaluated the expression stability of nine most commo...

Genome-wide screening of sequence databases for human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) has led to the identification of 18 coding env genes, among which two-the syncytin genes-encode fusogenic ENV proteins possibly involved in placenta physiology. Here we show that a third ENV, originating from the most "recent" HERV-K(HML2) family, is functional. Immunofluorescence analysis of env-transduced ce...

background and objectives: mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (mam) superantigen has been shown to induce chronic arthritis, which resembles human rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in a rodent model. however, its role as a causative agent in human ra is not well understood yet. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of mam superantigen gene in the synovial fluid (sf) of ra patients. material...

Choosing the Joneses: Endogenous Goals and Reference Standards A growing economic literature stresses the importance of relative comparisons, e.g., for savings and consumption or happiness. In this literature it is usually assumed that reference standards against which people compare themselves are exogenously given. In contrast findings from social psychology suggest that people play an active...

The miRNA, a kind of endogenous non-coding small RNA, plays an essential role in regulation gene expression plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay is one the most common methods used for quantification miRNA expression, and levels are normalized by comparing with reference genes. present study was intended to identify appropriate genes normalizing level various developmental stages ...