Reply: For physical models, like global and regional climate models, the grid spacing used for the simulation can affect the total precipitation volume over a region. This results mainly from terrain effects. With finer grid spacing, the mountain ranges are better resolved, which produces more intense precipitation over the domain. This is a reason why regional models, especially those run at r...

Stochastic weather generators (WGs) are often used to simulate synthetic weather time series based on observed statistical properties in a particular location. Most studies evaluate WG skill based on average properties. Our objective is to assess how the WGs performs in simulating extremes, especially high precipitation amounts. We analyzed 13 different WGs using two parallel approaches: extrem...

Past attempts to assimilate precipitation by nudging or variational methods have succeeded 1 in forcing the model precipitation to be close to the observed values. However, the model 2 forecasts tend to lose their additional skill after few forecast hours. In this study, a local 3 ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) is used to effectively assimilate precipitation by 4 allowing ensemble mem...

Various drought monitoring models have been developed from different perspectives, as drought is impacted by various factors (precipitation, evaporation, runoff) and usually reflected in various aspects (vegetation condition, temperature). Cloud not only plays an important role in the earth's energy balance and climate change, but also directly impacts the regional precipitation and evaporation...

This study conducts a detailed analysis of multiscale periodic features involved in the annual and seasonal precipitation signals at the typical coastal reclamation region in China by selecting the suitable continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and innovatively combining the improved Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), and further deduces the precipitation trend and its impacts on the future soil hydro...

Article history: Received 6 May 2015 Received in revised form 16 March 2016 Accepted 19 March 2016 Available online 21 March 2016 Many studies of Quaternary climatemake use of terrestrial stable isotope records which are interpreted based on seasonal patterns of stable isotopes in modern precipitation. Multi-decade records of isotopes in rainfall allow testing of the assumed behavior of isotope...

Annuals are an important component part of plant communities in arid and semiarid grassland ecosystems. Although it is well known that precipitation has a significant impact on productivity and species richness of community or perennials, nevertheless, due to lack of measurements, especially long-term experiment data, there is little information on how quantity and patterns of precipitation aff...

Both water and nitrogen (N) availability have significant effects on ecosystem CO2 exchange (ECE), which includes net ecosystem productivity (NEP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP). How water and N availability influence ECE in arid and semiarid grasslands is still uncertain. A manipulative experiment with additions of rainfall, snow and N was conducted to tes...

Widespread flooding occurred across northwest Europe during the winter of 2013/14, resulting in large socioeconomic damages. In the historical record, extreme hydrological events have been connected with intense water vapour transport. Here we show that water vapour transport has higher medium-range predictability compared with precipitation in the winter 2013/14 forecasts from the European Cen...