A paradox of self-reference in beliefs in games is identified, which yields a game-theoretic impossibility theorem akin to Russell’s Paradox. An informal version of the paradox is that the following configuration of beliefs is impossible: Ann believes that Bob assumes that Ann believes that Bob’s assumption is wrong This is formalized to show that any belief model of a certain kind must have a ...

Abstract Background and purpose: Overweight and obesity are the health problem in adolescents and the main purpose of this study was to evaluate this problem and some socio-demographicrelated factors among two ethnic groups in Iranian northern primary school children in 2010. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study that performed on 4165 students (Turkman = 2852a...

background to date, no study has addressed the association between race/ethnicity and obesity considering other sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in iran. objectives the current study aimed to study lifestyle and the environmental factors affecting obesity in the iranian subjects of the steps survey, 2011. patients and methods the study was conducted on 8639 subjects (aged ≥ 20 years) in t...

the aim of this study was to assess the levels of maslow's hierarchy of needs theory had been fulfilled and to compare the maslow's hierarchy of needs among iranian different ethnic groups at tehran university of medical sciences (tums).this research was a descriptive-analytical study which conducted among administrative employees of tehran university of medical sciences; tehran, iran. the stru...

I show that persistent underconfidence and overconfidence each arise from rational learning about one’s own abilities. If an agent chooses to exert more effort when more confident and believes that greater effort reliably improves outcomes, then the agent learns away overconfidence faster than he learns away underconfidence. The agent ends up underconfident on average. In contrast, the agent en...

These days it is commonly accepted in the financial world that the tails of an asset return distribution are much heavier than those of the Gaussian distribution. Furthermore the choice of distribution is crucial for suchpurposes as value-at-risk and option pricing. Unfortunately, opinion on the tail weight question is divided. One school of thought believes that they are most appropriately mod...