This paper suggests some ways in which labour market programmes of training and temporary employment should be evaluated. Essentially such programmes should be evaluated relative to the counter factual: what would have happened to participants had they not participated? The paper dis­ cusses the problems of modelling this counter factual and applies the resulting methods to data on a cohort of ...

Transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in the NMT paradigm. This method assumes that model can automatically learn linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar and syntax) from parallel corpus via an attention network. However, network cannot capture deep internal structure of a sentence. Therefore, it is natural to introduce some prior guide model. ...

This paper looks at the impact of high technology employment concentrations on urban sprawl. A methodology for translating spatial employment patterns, into place of residence patterns, is presented. On this basis, the consumption of land at the urban fringe due to both residential and nonresidential uses, is estimated. The method is tested empirically using data relating to the two main outer ...

Today factual knowledge training and soft skill training are typically taught as separate disciplines. This approach falls short of the need of the participants to learn, understand and experience the application of typical soft skills such as communication skills within their domain. Requirements engineering (RE) in practice requires for instance excellent communication skills. We propose to u...

Children and adults differentiate statements of religious belief from statements of fact and opinion, but the basis of that differentiation remains unclear. Across three experiments, adults and 8-10-year-old children heard statements of factual, opinion-based, and religious belief. Adults and children judged that statements of factual belief revealed more about the world, statements of opinion ...

This paper evaluates to which extent Google retrieved correct answers as responses to queries inferred from factual and topical requests in a digital Ask-a-Librarian service. 100 factual and 100 topical questions were picked from a digital reference service run by public libraries. The queries inferred simulated average Web queries. The top 10 retrieval results were observed for the answer. The...