BACKGROUND Although studies that characterize the risk environment by linking contextual factors with individual-level data have advanced infectious disease and substance use research, there are opportunities to refine how we define relevant neighborhood exposures; this can in turn reduce the potential for exposure misclassification. For example, for those who do not inject at home, injection r...

U.S. schools are failing the nation and the nation’s economy. It may be that a greater level of expenditure can be justified and urged upon the nation based on an analysis of schooling effects on economic growth. Alternatively, the nation should aim to provide the highest quality of schooling at the level of expenditure preferred by the taxpayer. The application of a choice model for social exp...

it is stipulated in our islamic jurisprudence and law that when a person is killed and he or she has several legal guardians, if some of the guardians pardon, the remaining guardians have the right to retaliate in qiṣāṣ provided that they pay the share of the blood money to those demanding blood money. it is pronounced in the article 264 of islamic penal code that: “if there are several legal g...