Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are becoming more and more standardizable candles. Different methods have been proposed to measure cosmology with the relation between the γ-ray energy Eγ of a GRB jet and the peak energy Ep of the νFν spectrum in the burst frame. We compare the procedures and results of these methods. We also discuss the effects from the circumburrsrt density n and the efficiency ηγ of ...

Both observations and theoretical models suggest that the emissions in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and the afterglows are beamed. We argue that the recent polarization measured in the afterglows gives further evidence of beaming in GRBs. In this approach, we adopted the polarization-magnitude relation of BL Lacertae objects to 4 GRBs with available polarization measurements and found that the data ...

We measured shear thinning, a viscosity decrease ordinarily associated with complex liquids, near the critical point of xenon. The data span a wide range of reduced shear rate: 10(-3)<gamma tau<700 , where gamma tau is the shear rate scaled by the relaxation time tau of critical fluctuations. The measurements had a temperature resolution of 0.01 mK and were conducted in microgravity aboard the ...

In this paper we analyze a nonlinear generalization of the Black-Scholes equation for pricing American style call option in which the volatility may depend on the underlying asset price and the Gamma of the option. We propose a novel method of pricing American style call options by means of transformation of the free boundary problem for a nonlinear Black-Scholes equation into the so-called Gam...

Prompt gamma-ray burst spectra evolve on short time scales, suggesting that time-resolved spectral fits may help diagnose the still unknown prompt emission mechanism. We use broad-band gamma-ray data from the RHESSI spacecraft to test quasi-thermal models with high signal-to-noise time-resolved spectra of nine bright gamma-ray bursts. In contrast to results reported in more narrow energy bands,...

This paper studies the effective factors involving in the attitudes of make students toward vandalism at high –schools in 2012-2013. Theories which applied here are ratio communication of Sutherland, kellawarel and online. Merton anomie, Heir chi's social ties and Good's family structure Throuah Cochran's formula more than 376 ones were chosen. The data wave analyzed  by   SPSS and  the statist...

We present an independent short proof of the main result of [FG07] that the algebra of endomorphisms of a Weyl module of critical level is isomorphic to the algebra of functions on the space of monodromy-free opers on the disc with regular singularity and residue determined by the highest weight of the Weyl module. We derive this from the results of [FFR] about the shift of argument subalgebras...

The supernova remnant G51.26+0.11 was recently discovered and little is known about its properties environment. Using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope we study GeV emission seen in direction of to constrain origin gamma-rays their possible relation this or a star-forming region. We also search for molecular gas region that could provide dense material production gamma-rays. By modeling ...