Like many other countries, aggregate consumption constitutes a major portion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan. Consumption decisions determine savings decisions. In long term growth literature, differences in long term growth had been explained to a large extent by differences in the rate of savings which also determine a country’s investment in productive capacity, developing human ...

The relationship was examined between government smoking control levels and eight health, social and economic indicators in 93 countries. Governmental smoking control levels were quantified by assigning a point to each control measure. The controls were as follows: health warning on cigarette package; tar, nicotine or carbon monoxide level indications on cigarette package; ban on advertising on...

Food insecurity and hunger are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Food security implies the provision of safe, nutritious, and quantitatively and qualitatively adequate food, as well as access to it by all people. The chronic food insecurity in SSA is largely due to the fact that 85-90 per cent of agriculture is rain-fed and accounts for 35 percent of the region’s gross national product (G...

OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between the magnitude, and the relative importance of unintentional child injury mortality with socioeconomic development, and to conceptualise the dynamic changes in injury mortality within the framework of epidemiological transition. DESIGN Ecological cross sectional study using data on 51 countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relationship between tot...

By almost any measure, U.S. research universities are consistently ranked among the best in the world. Beginning with the Morrill Act (Land Grant College Act) of 1862, federal and state policies have underscored the nation's commitment to building the finest research institutions. As such, U.S. universities have been the incubators of the nation's prosperity. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Compan...

fi scal stimulus package centered on " bang for the buck, " that is, on whether tax cuts or spending increases would produce more jobs. This limited perspective is very misleading, however: the choice of spending versus taxes should turn fi rst and foremost on the purposes of government, or what economists quaintly call " the allocation of resources. " It's silly to debate whether investing in ...

Expenditures for social welfare under public law amounted to $955.9 billion in fiscal year 1989. an increase of 7.9 percent over the previous year. The 1989 amount represented 18.6 percent of the national output of goods and services, as measured by the gross national product (GNP). Social insurance programs accounted for about one-half of all expenditures, followed in importance by the educati...