As a result of advancing globalization and economic activities that go beyond national borders, gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP) are becoming dissociated. The two are the same to the extent that they measure (gross) added value generated during a specific period (e.g., one year). A difference between them is, generally speaking, the former focuses on whether economi...

Empirical studies quantifying the benefits of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) have been unable to provide conclusive evidence of a positive impact on host country’s economic performance. I show that the lack of robust evidence is not inconsistent with theory, even if the eventual gains to FDI are large, if restrictions on FDI are lifted only gradually and part of FDI is intangible inv...

abstract this study shows the relationship between environmental pollution and economical growth by kuznets hypothesis which has drived from provincial data during 1375 - 1385. carbon monoxide pollution as environmental index and gross national product as economical index have been used. fix effects have been preferred to random effects based on f test for estimation of environmental kuznets cu...

Glossary Eurocentrism A way of thinking which assumes that the European experience is the only or the best way of achieving something and that Europe should be the model for other parts of the world to follow. Global North A term derived from the Brandt Commission’s reports in the 1980s which divided the world into two parts: North and South. The Global North encompassed the economically richer...

OBJECTIVE To test whether relations between economic development, economic inequality, and child and youth homicide rates are sex- and age-specific, and whether a country's wealth modifies the impact of economic inequality on homicide rates. METHODS Outcome variables were homicide rates around 1994 in males and females in the age ranges 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 20-24 years from 61 countries...

The recently published World Health Organisation strategy document on road safety starts with the startling statistic that over 1.2 million people die each year on the world’s roads and, not surprisingly lowand middle-income countries have much higher road traffic fatality rates than high-income countries. Almost half of those who die on the roads are pedestrians, cyclists or users of motoriz...

Many Asian countries are expected to undergo transformations in their economies and rapid urbanization over the next 25 years. The changes in tastes and lifestyles engendered by urban living are likely to have significant influences on food demand--influences perhaps as strong as the well-documented effects of household in comes and food prices. Changes in marketing systems and occupations, clo...

Several countries in the world are able to support health research. This capability is dependent upon the economy. One measure of economies that is generally used is the country's gross national product (GNP). Thus, it is of interest to ascertain the GNPs of a few countries. The GNP of the USA in 2014 was approximately $17,555.2 billion. For comparison, the GNPs of India, Great Britain, and Jap...