neopterin, apyrazinopyrimidine compound, is produced by macrophages after induction by interferon gamma (ifn-y) and serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation followed by oxidative stress. the aim of this study was to determine urinary neopterin to creatinine ratio (uncr) as a surrogate marker of cell-mediated immune activation in multiple sclerosis (ms). three weekly early morning...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Data on immunization are generally based on questionnaire methods or evaluation of health records in most of the developing countries like Turkey. Therefore, serological studies are useful to appraise the impact of vaccination programmes and to improve immunization policies. This serological study was undertaken to determine the immunity status of children to poliovirus i...

Based on cross-entropy theory and immunity principle, the paper evaluates health status of scraper conveying equipment. Firstly, hierarchical analysis model immune monitoring conveyor equipment are established, then integrating AHP, fuzzy statistical method entropy weight is used to calculate composite index, finally assessment results obtained. Combined with case analysis, proposed can effecti...

In this paper we introduce a physiologically structured SIR epidemic model where the individuals are distributed according to their immune status. An individual immune status is assumed to increase during the infectious period and remain unchanged after the recovery. Recovered individuals can become reinfected at a rate which is a decreasing function of their immune status. We find that the pos...

The immune mechanisms of defence against fungal infections are numerous, and range from protective mechanisms that were present early in evolution (innate immunity) to sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that are induced specifically during infection and disease (adaptive immunity). The first-line innate mechanism is the presence of physical barriers in the form of skin and mucous membranes, whic...

OBJECTIVE To determine the knowledge of rubella immune status among practicing obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States and of rubella immunity policies covering healthcare workers in the obstetric-care office setting. DESIGN Mailed survey questionnaire, August through December 1994. SETTING Physicians from multiple-practice sites including private office, public institution, univers...

​ The rapid development of immunomodulatory cancer therapies has led to a concurrent increase in the application of informatics techniques to the analysis of tumors, the tumor microenvironment, and measures of systemic immunity. In this review, the use of tumors to gather genetic and expression data will first be explored. Next, techniques to assess tumor immunity are reviewed, including HLA st...

Immunity against malaria develops slowly and only after repeated exposure to the parasite. Many of those that die of the disease are children under five years of age. Antibodies are an important part of immunity, but which antibodies that are protective and how these should be measured are still unclear. We discuss the pros and cons of ELISA, invasion inhibition assays/ADCI, and measurement of ...