the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (blv) in khorasan razavi and khorasan shomali provinces which are the main provinces located in the northeast of iran. total number of 429 blood samples were collected from industrial dairy herds. the samples were categorized based on province, age (2-3, 4-6, and 7-10 years old), calving (≤ 2, 3-5, and > 5) and h...

A previous nationwide Chinese epidemiological study revealed through isolation of A‑B+ Clostridium difficile strains, which produce toxin B (TcdB), but not toxin A TcdA, that the strains are widespread and more frequent in east Asian countries,. The development of a process capable of detecting TcdB is required in microbiological laboratories in order to facilitate the control of the A‑B+ C. di...

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious agent of varicella and herpes zoster. Varicella can be lethal to immunocompromised patients, babies, HIV patients and other adults with impaired immunity. Serological evaluation of immunity to VZV will help determine which individuals are susceptible and evaluate vaccine effectiveness. A collection of 110 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were obta...

Paneth cells at the base of small intestinal crypts secrete α-defensins, which contribute to innate immunity and shape composition of enteric microbiota. Efforts to establish a relationship between secreted α-defensins and disease have been hampered by a lack of sensitive assays to quantify luminal α-defensins. Here we report on a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELI...

Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to a group A rotavirus (GAR) were developed by fusion of myeloma cell (SP2/0) with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with semi-purified bovine rotavirus (CR129, G10P11). Two of these rotavirus-specific monoclonal antibodies were further characterized by immunoblotting and also tested for their reactivity with rotaviruses of bovine, equine an...

As the gold standard of protein detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used in medical treatment and biology. Here, we report a digital ELISA method that combines fluorescence-coded magnetic beads with micropore arrays to effectively improve accuracy detection. Fluorescence coded were as solid support ELISA, which modified specifically capture IL-6 serum, then combined g...