Numerous research have been discovered to developed internationalization process model (investment to other country market). Like Johanson and Vahlne, they are among the first to discuss the internationalization process model. There are four key items underlying Johanson and Vahlne’s model, those are market knowledge, market commitment, commitment decision, and current activities. However, many...

The global financial crisis hastened the development of the Shenzhen GEM is a venture capital a key link in the chain, force the development of SME financing difficulty in resolving the issue. In view of the characteristics and specific risks of Growth Enterprise Market (GEM), this paper measures the market risk of 28 listed companies on the GEM by use of VaR techniques, and introduces VaR into...

Business units are always faced with investment opportunities and need to make logical decisions on an optimal investment. Indeed, the investment of each business unit should be done with regard to the resource constraints and its effectiveness through the criteria for evaluating the projects including the net present value (NPV). The paper aims to investigate the effect of long-term debt on th...

Oil and gas exploration and production is the most important and key segment in the whole business chain of the petroleum industry. Therefore, oil companies always put much emphasis on making scientifi c and reasonable decisions about investment scale and structure in the upstream sector, so that they can minimise business risks and obtain high returns. According to the system dynamics theories...

This chapter focuses on institutional investors in the German financial markets. Institutional investors are specialized financial intermediaries who collect and manage funds on behalf of small investors toward specific objectives in terms of risk, return and maturity. The major types of institutional investors in Germany are insurance companies and investment funds. We will examine the nature ...