Because of the dynamic nature of the interstellar medium, the Sun should have encountered a variety of different interstellar environments in its lifetime. As the solar wind interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium to form a heliosphere, different helio-sphere shapes, sizes, and particle contents result from the different environments. Some of the large possible interstellar parameter...

Consider the Product Rate Variation problem. Given n products 1, ..., i, ..., n, and n positive integer demands d1, ..., di, ..., dn. Find a sequence α = α1, ..., αT , T = ∑n i=1 di, of the products, where product i occurs exactly di times that always keeps the actual production level, equal the number of product i occurrences in the prefix α1, ..., αt, t = 1, ..., T , and the desired productio...

ii DEDICATION To M. and D., for making me who I am today. iii If people did not sometimes do silly things, nothing intelligent would ever get done. There's no ulterior practical purpose here. I'm just playing. That's what math is – wondering, playing, amusing yourself with your imagination.

Just‐In‐Time (JIT) production has received a great deal of attention, worldwide, since its introduction in Japan a few decades ago. It has been well documented that some of the main benefits of JIT implementation are reduction of inventories, lead‐time reduction, and cost savings. Most of the previous research on the impact of JIT on firm performance has either been anecdotal (one‐firm studies)...

Cognitive scientists have shown increased interest in diagrams in recent years, but most of the focus has been on spatial representation, not conventions for representing time. We explore a variety of ways in which time is represented in diagrams by one research community: scientists investigating circadian rhythms at the behavioral and molecular levels. Diagrams that relate other variables to ...

Experience-based continuous learning is essential for improving products, processes, and technologies in emerging as well as established areas of business and engineering science. It can be facilitated by casebased organizational learning, meaning that relevant experience is captured in the form of cases for reuse in a corporate experience repository. For obvious reasons, learning from experien...

Interpreted languages are widely used due to ease to use, portability, and safety. On the other hand, interpretation imposes a significance overhead. Just-inTime (JIT) compilation is a popular approach to improving the runtime performance of languages such as Java. We compare the performance of a JIT compiler with a traditional compiler and with an emulator. We show that the compilation overhea...

  In this paper, we consider a flow shop scheduling problem with bypass consideration for minimizing the sum of earliness and tardiness costs. We propose a new mathematical modeling to formulate this problem. There are several constraints which are involved in our modeling such as the due date of jobs, the job ready times, the earliness and the tardiness cost of jobs, and so on. We apply adapte...