Possibility of a system leakage in an air-conditioning system always exists. Once a leakage occurs refrigerant and oil escape from the system and compressor. This paper determines the characteristics of the losses. Two important factors affecting the loss characteristics are location of leakage in the system and speed ofleakage or leakage rate. This paper then reasons the tested actual loss cha...

background stress urinary incontinence (sui), the most common type of urinary incontinence (ui), is usually defined as leakage of urine during movement or activity which puts pressure on the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, running or heavy lifting. it is reported in most countries that 15% to 40% of women struggle with sui and its severe implications for daily life, including social intera...

1. A new method for measuring static compliance, which does not require general anaesthesia or a leak-free airway, is described for infants and young children. 2. Thoracic volume changes produced by static inflation pressures are measured by a respiratory jacket, and results compare well with those obtained by the syringeinflation method. 3. This method can be used in the intensive care of sick...

Background Accurate, quantitative mapping of myocardial blood volume (MBV) could potentially serve as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease. However, quantitative measurement of MBV can be technically difficult. Typical gadolinium based contrast agents leak out of the vasculature and are more suited towards measuring extracellular volume than MBV. Even with a completely intravascular con...

There are many organic ions inside the cell which do not leak out of the cell membrane. This creates excess osmotic pressure for the inside of the cell. Since the membrane is permeable to water and is not mechanically strong enough to withstand significant osmotic pressure differences, the cell cannot maintain its volume and will tend to burst. Depending on the organism, there are three ways to...

Introduction Intravenous fluids are widely administrated to correct intravascular volume deficit or acute hypovolemia. However, generalized endothelial injury and capillary leak is a common condition in critically ill patients. In such a state, overzealous fluid therapy results in extravascular movement of water, electrolytes and proteins leading to tissue edema and organ dysfunction. The aim o...

Marine intertidal mollusks, such as oysters, are exposed to multiple stressors in estuaries, including varying environmental temperature and levels of trace metals, which may interactively affect their physiology. In order to understand the combined effects of cadmium and elevated temperature on mitochondrial bioenergetics of marine mollusks, respiration rates and mitochondrial volume changes w...

Cardiac calsequestrin–null mice (Casq2 / ) display catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia akin to humans with CASQ2 mutations. However, the specific contribution of Casq2 deficiency to the arrhythmia phenotype is difficult to assess because Casq2 / mice also show significant reductions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins junctin and triadin-1 and increased SR volume. Furthermore, it ...