A patchwork of groups and programs are working to improve the situation. Local hospitals raise funds for individual patients as do charitable groups, like the Cancer Patients Aid Association in India. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local health authorities work with drug companies to donate drugs or slash prices. Clinical trial networks are testing low-cost treatment strategies. And ...

This essay examines the evolution of both institutions and economists' thinking on institutions during transition. Early in transition, institutions were virtually ignored in the majority of normative prescriptions, but were central in the evolutionary-institutional approach. Later, after events influenced intellectual developments, institutions were at the center of analysis. Growth is strongl...

In the editorial, “A Crisis of Humanitarianism: Refugees at the Gates of Europe,” Marianna Fotaki elegantly highlights the changing dynamics of governmental policy toward refugees, forced migrants into Europe and the move away from the principles of humanitarianism.1 The perceived threats to economy, securi...

the shortage of fresh water and growing competition for clear water makes less water available for agriculture production. the great chalange for the coming decades will be the task of increasing food  production with less water, particularly in countries  with limited water and land resources. therefore, increasing of irrigation efficienciy and decreasing of water losses are important factores...

Our paper applies new institutional economics theory to a unique data set of the world‘s low-income economies to examine the association between host governments‘ social policies and their ability to attract foreign direct investment. We add to this another new data set to explore the direct and indirect role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the business-society-government interface. ...

Does the labeling of tradable products like carpets which have been produced without child labor contribute to decreased vulnerability of poor households and their children? This paper analyzes which factors determine the probability of a child to work in the carpet industry, and examines the influence of non governmental organizations (NGOs) like Rugmark which are engaged in the social labelin...

formation of non-governmental organizations is in order to realize the citizenship rights and support the legitimate demands of their and in line with the needs of human societies . realization this goal has several conditions that among the most important is to maintain the independence of these organizations. how to establish, supervision and dissolution of the organizations and the degree of...