Long-distance telephone companies in the United States (U.S.) pay access fees to local telephone companies to transport calls that originate and terminate on their networks. These charges form the largest portion of the cost of providing long-distance service. Recent changes in the structure of access rates, which were mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), have created opport...

The movements of some long-distance migrants are driven by innate compass headings that they follow on their first migrations (e.g., some birds and insects), while the movements of other first-time migrants are learned by following more experienced conspecifics (e.g., baleen whales). However, the overall roles of innate, learned, and social behaviors in driving migration goals in many taxa are ...

Evidence suggests that regular walking can elicit significant psychological benefits although little evidence exists concerning long distance walking. The purpose of this study was to provide detailed accounts of the experiences of long distance walkers. Phenomenological interviews were conducted with six long distance walkers. Data were transcribed verbatim before researchers independently ana...

The mean deficits in PEF in men and women smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes a day were 48 1 and 47-4 b/min, respectively. In men smoking 20 or more a day the mean deficit was 73-3 1/min. A smaller but still significant deficit (27-8 1/min) was found in male ex-smokers of 20 or more cigarettes a day, whereas in the male and female ex-smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes a day no significant reduct...

This paper aims to account for dependency of long-distance anaphors within the derivational approach. Dependency between the antecedent and the anaphor is determined by the universal operations, Merge, Move and Agree. Following Hornstein (2001) and Zwart (2002), anaphors in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese are argued to merge with antecedents to obtain anaphoricity. How such a merged complex parti...

Changes in transcription factor binding sequences result in correlated changes in chromatin composition locally and at sites hundreds of kilobases away. New studies demonstrate that this concordance is mediated via spatial chromatin interactions that constitute regulatory modules of the human genome.

This paper examines long distance voicing agreement between consonants (Cs). Two related patterns are observed. In the first one [voice] agreement is restricted to pairs of oral stops that match in place of articulation, as seen in Ngbaka. In the second, observed in Kera, [voice] agreement occurs among all pairs of stops. I argue that these agreement patterns come about through a correspondence...

Dispersal is a fundamental biological process, operating at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Despite an increasing understanding of fungal biodiversity, most research on fungal dispersal focuses on only a small fraction of species. Thus, any discussion of the dispersal dynamics of fungi as a whole is problematic. While abundant morphological and biogeographic data are available for hundred...

Long-distance dispersal (LDD) of plants poses challenges to research because it involves rare events driven by complex and highly stochastic processes. The current surge of renewed interest in LDD, motivated by growing recognition of its critical importance for natural populations and communities and for humanity, promises an improved, quantitatively derived understanding of LDD. To gain deep i...