OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of average family income in a geographic area on the effectiveness of helmet legislation on observed helmet use by children (5-14 years). METHODS The study was conducted in East York, a health district of Metropolitan Toronto, in collaboration with the East York Health Unit. In 1996, the total population was 107 822, 11 340 of which were children 5 to 14 ye...

BACKGROUND Immigrants tend to initially settle in urban centres. It is known that immigrants have lower rates of depression than the Canadian-born population, with the lowest rates among those who have arrived recently in Canada. It is established that women and low-income individuals are more likely to have depression. Given that recent immigration is a protective factor and female gender and ...

Social mixing is one of the key objectives housing policy in OECD countries. The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, largest affordable construction program US since 1986, has recently set creating mixed-income communities as standards. As a project-based LIHTC developments are likely to influence residential mobility; however, little known about its empirical effects. This study inv...

In this article, we examine the market structure for real estate brokerage services across six large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) to see whether low-income neighborhoods, or neighborhoods where house prices are low, are as well served by real estate professionals as higher income or higher priced neighborhoods. We collect more than 300,000 real estate listings and compute the Herfindah...

The present study explored whether perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with physical activity differ by neighborhood income. Adults aged 20-65 years (n=2199; 48% female; mean age=45 years; 26% ethnic minority) were recruited from 32 neighborhoods from the Seattle, WA and Baltimore, MD regions that varied in objectively measured walkability and neighborhood income. Perceiv...

North Carolina has numerous low-income minority communities and tribal areas where basic public health amenities are lacking. Disparities in clean air, safe drinking water, and toxin-free soil create human exposures that result in poor health, depressed property value, and more contaminated environments than are present in higher income communities.

Responsiveness was proposed via WHO as a fundamental sign to evaluate the enforcement of wellness practices and evaluates with a standard organization of fields that are classified to 2 principal classes "Respect as characters" and "customer adjustment". The current research included the value of customer adjustment areas in low and high-income communities of Mashhad. In the current descriptive...

Teleradiology is an established mechanism to overcome the lack of on-site radiologists and can benefit children in developing countries. In this "perspective" on teleradiology for pediatric care in underdeveloped countries, three low-cost teleradiology programs are discussed from experiences of one teleradiologist, in relation to previous publications on this subject. Key issues discussed inclu...

OBJECTIVE To compare playground hazards in high- and low-income neighborhoods. DESIGN Forty-five playgrounds were randomly selected from the 9 New York City community districts that met our study criteria and were divided into high-and low-income groups based on comparison to the median of the median incomes ($24452 per year) of the 9 districts. Playgrounds are maintained by the City of New Y...