background and purpose: research self-efficacy is an important subject in university education. research is considered essential to the development of societies. as such, postgraduate students require research courses in their curricula in addition to regular educational contents. materials and methods: this descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on two groups of postgraduate students...

We examine effects of government spending on postdoctoral researchers' (postdocs) productivity in biomedical sciences, the largest population of postdocs in the US. We analyze changes in the productivity of postdocs before and after the US government's 1997 decision to increase NIH funding. In the first round of analysis, we find that more government spending has resulted in longer postdoc care...

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Auditors’ Individual Differences on their Professional Commitment. Also, the mediation effect of Ethical Climate Fit has been examined. Methods: According to the Social Cognitive Theory, two criteria of Internal Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy were used as Auditors’ Individual Differences. To measure the Internal Locus of Cont...

The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ characteristics based on the implications of Ministry of Education’s strategic plans. This applied research utilized qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach and was a library research in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study was comprised of Ministry of Education’s strategic plans, i.e., the The...

faculties’ empowerment is one of the effective tools for increasing productivity and optimum use of their individual and group abilities and capacities to reach organizational goals. organizational culture is the main component of decision making in universities and one of the requirements of psychological empowerment (i.e. meaning, competence, self-determination, trust, impact). given the impo...

INTRODUCTION Self-rated health is demonstrated to vary substantially by both personal socio-economic status and national economic conditions. However, studies investigating the combined influence of individual and country level economic indicators across several countries in the context of recent global recession are limited. This paper furthers our knowledge of the effect of recession on healt...

In the present study, the authors examine the extent to which effects of individual religious involvement on self-assessed health are influenced by the religious context (i.e., religious involvement at the country level). The authors test their expectations using individual level data (N = 127,257) on 28 countries from the European Social Surveys (2002-2008). Results of multilevel analyses show...