background: more than 8% of iran's populations are elderly. the greatest challenge in this generation is improvement of health and quality of life. so we decided to perform an interventional study with the aim of promoting the health of the eld­erly. methods: this study was a community interventional in ekbatan complex. subjects were elderly. at first, need assessment was done with the particip...

Classically, risk is characterised by a point value probability indicating the likelihood of occurrence of an adverse effect. However, there are domains where the attainability of objective numerical risk characterisations is increasingly being questioned. This paper reviews the arguments in favour of extending classical techniques of risk assessment to incorporate meaningful qualitative and we...

and today would produce nearly 200 HIA reports. A good HIA report is unlikely to be accepted by a peer reviewed journal and an accepted paper would almost certainly have to omit half the material that a good HIA report should contain. None the less, the HIA community should pay a great deal of attention to Thomson’s critique. A more balanced summary of the state of HIA would have been ‘has made...

The needs assessment process is indeed complex in the social service context. Whereas most contexts can start with a presumption of "no need," the social service context frequently must start with an assumption of "need met-->change." In addition, underlying values--the individual's, the assessor's, the society's--all play a part in the judgment process. The assumption that the involvement of a...

agricultural droughts are droughts that affect the crop production or the ecology of a region. ravar city that is located in margin of desert and the north of kerman province is one of these areas. due to the existence of enough underground water that entrance to desert and high evaporation to improving agricultural and cultivar activities, it needed to study the construction of underground dam...