The availability of language services for patients with limited English proficiency has become a standard of care in the United States. Finding the resources to pay for language programs is challenging for providers, payers, and policymakers. There is no federal payment policy and states are developing policies using different methodologies for determining costs and reimbursement rates. This pa...

BACKGROUND Typically, little consideration is given to the allocation of indirect costs (overheads and capital) to hospital services, compared to the allocation of direct costs. Weighted service allocation is believed to provide the most accurate indirect cost estimation, but the method is time consuming. OBJECTIVE To determine whether hourly rate, inpatient day, and marginal mark-up allocati...

Runtime profiling of Web-based applications and services is an effective method to aid in the provisioning of required resources, for monitoring server-level objectives, and for detecting implementation defects. Unfortunately, it is difficult to obtain accurate profile data on live client workloads due to the high overhead of instrumentation. This paper describes a cloud-based profiling service...

In a high-capacity cellular network with limited spectral resources, it is desirable to minimize the radio bandwidth costs associated with paging while locating mobile users. Reduction of communication overhead has become a burning issue of today. It induces the intellects to innovate some means which are cost reducing by nature. Location management aims to reduce this overhead through predicti...

The aim of this multi-centre retrospective study was to assess the cost, and factors influencing the cost, of combined orthodontic and surgical treatment for dentofacial deformity. The sample, from the south-west of England, comprised 352 subjects (109 males and 243 females) with an age range of 14 to 57 years treated in 11 hospital orthodontic units. Treatment costs were calculated for each su...

Background: Cost effectiveness, the ratio of relative costs of a program to its desired outcomes, is one of the basic issues in various screening programs performed to detect opium abuse. This study aimed to find the cost-effectiveness of opiates abuse screening through urine analysis. Methods: A total number of 64698 individuals were selected and divided into to five distinct groups based on t...

Virtual server consolidation is to use virtual machines to encapsulate applications which are running on multiple physical servers in the cluster and then integrate them into a small number of servers. Nowadays, with the expanding of enterprise-class data centers, virtual server consolidation can reduce large number of servers to help the enterprises reduce hardware and operating costs signific...

In parallel database systems, distribution of the data among the processors has a signiicant impact on the response time and throughput of the system. The beneets of parallelism (using multiple processors to execute a query) must be balanced against its costs (communication, startup, and termination overhead). We formalize the problem of minimizing overhead while partitioning data uniformly acr...

Introduction In 1978, cost accounting was made compulsory by law for all Austrian public hospitals [1]. Cost accounting at the Chemical Central Laboratory of the Landeskrankenstalten in Salzburg follows the procedures suggested by the law; it is done by the hospital's administration with the help of electronic data-processing (EDP). The hospital is a teaching hospital with 1600 beds; in additio...