This paper presents quantitative techniques for studying, in an unbiased manner, the photometric and structural properties of galaxies in clusters, including a means to identify likely background objects in the absence of redshift information. We develop self-consistent and reproducible measurements of fundamental properties of galaxies such as radius, surface brightness, concentration of light...

Soluble and insoluble fractions of the Jet Rock sedimentary organic matter have been subjected to hydropyrolysis to evaluate their biomarker content. Hydropyrolysis is the temperature-programmed pyrolysis of organic matter in an open system fixed bed reactor under high hydrogen pressure in the presence of a sulfided molybdenum catalyst. The hydrocarbon products contain fossil lipids and biomark...

0146-6380/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.05.003 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 508 289 2322; fax E-mail address: [email protected] (B.A.S. Van M Intact polar membrane lipids are essential components of microbial membranes and recent work has uncovered a diversity of them occurring in the ocean. While it has long been understood that lipid composition var...

In this paper, we use resource-bounded dimension theory to investigate polynomial size circuits. We show that for every i ≥ 0, P/poly has ith order scaled p 3 -strong dimension 0. We also show that P/poly i.o. has p 3 -dimension 1/2, p 3 -strong dimension 1. Our results improve previous measure results of Lutz (1992) and dimension results of Hitchcock and Vinodchandran (2004).

BACKGROUND The node classification outlined in the seventh edition of the TNM classification is based solely on the number of metastasized lymph nodes. This study examined the prognostic value of apical lymph node (ALN) metastasis and the additional value of incorporating ALN status into a risk model based on the seventh edition. METHODS This was a cohort study of patients with stage III colo...

The problem of counting unlabelled subtrees of a tree (that is, subtrees that are distinct up to isomorphism) is #P-complete, and hence equivalent in computational difficulty to evaluating the permanent of a 0,1-matrix.

Implications of a formal context (G,M, I) have a minimal implication basis, called Duquenne-Guigues basis or stem base. It is shown that the problem of deciding whether a set of attributes is a premise of the stem base is in coNP and determining the size of the stem base is polynomially Turing equivalent to a #P-complete problem.

We show that an essential part of the new (Jones-type) polynomial link invariants can be computed in subexponential time. This is in a sharp contrast to the result of Jaeger, Vertigan and Welsh that computing the whole polynomial and most of its evaluations is #P-hard.

We show that it is #P-complete to count the number of bases of matroids representable over a fixed infinite field or fields of fixed characteristic.