BACKGROUND A novel influenza virus has emerged to produce a global pandemic four times in the past one hundred years, resulting in millions of infections, hospitalizations and deaths. There is substantial uncertainty about when, where and how the next influenza pandemic will occur. METHODS We developed a novel mathematical model to chart the evolution of an influenza pandemic. We estimate the...

UNLABELLED Limited vaccine availability and the potential for resistance to antiviral medications have led to calls for establishing the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical measures for mitigating pandemic influenza. Our objective was to examine if the use of face masks and hand hygiene reduced rates of influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza in the natural setting. A cluster...

BACKGROUND This trial aims to investigate the effectiveness and cost implications of 'pharmaceutical care' provided by community pharmacists to elderly patients in the community. As the UK government has proposed that by 2004 pharmaceutical care services should extend nationwide, this provides an opportunity to evaluate the effect of pharmaceutical care for the elderly. DESIGN The trial desig...

Background In response to the financial crisis and under the EU/IMF Programme of Financial Support, Ireland committed to make savings on pharmaceutical expenditure, including through a system of generic substitution (GS) and reference pricing (RP) [1]. This intervention involved GS based on fifth level ATC code (active substance), which was followed by RP 3-5 months later. The aim of this analy...

BACKGROUND Bipolar I disorder (BD-I) is a chronic mental illness characterized by the presence of one or more manic episodes, or both depressive and manic episodes, usually separated by asymptomatic intervals. Pharmacists can contribute to the management of BD-I, mainly with the use of effective and safe drugs, and improve the patient's life quality through pharmaceutical care. Some studies hav...

BACKGROUND Healthcare system reform of Sanming city has become a leading healthcare reform model in China. It has developed a rigorous pharmaceutical reform consisted of the Zero Mark-up Drug Policy and the Centralized Procurement of Medicine Policy to bring down drug expenses and total health expenditures. However, despite the credit and much attention have been given to Sanming's pharmaceutic...

The burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide is a significant clinical and public health issue, affecting approximately one third of the Western population. This review assesses the effect and impact lifestyle interventions have on the treatment of this common condition. We review studies comparing the effect of calorie restriction and exercise programs, as well as comparis...

Intervention in Obesity & Diabetes Managing Type 1 from Gynecological Waste: Trash to Treasure Kumbhar RG and Desai S* Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D Y Patil Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences Research, Pune *Corresponding author:Shivani Desai, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, (Maharashtra)-411018, India Submission:June 22, 2021;Published: August 18, 2021 DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2021.05.000614 ISSN 2578...