The locus coeruleus (LC) projects throughout the brain and spinal cord and is the major source of central noradrenaline. It remains unclear whether the LC acts functionally as a single global effector or as discrete modules. Specifically, while spinal-projections from LC neurons can exert analgesic actions, it is not known whether they can act independently of ascending LC projections. Using vi...

Repeated THC administration produces motivational and somatic adaptive changes leading to dependence in rodents. To investigate the molecular basis for cannabinoid dependence and its possible relationship with the endogenous opioid system, we explored 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) activity in mice lacking -, or -opioid receptor genes. Acute THCinduced hypothermia, antinociception, and hypolocomo...

The Ellsberg paradox demonstrates that people’s belief over uncertain events might not be representable by subjective probability. We argue that Uncertainty Aversion may be viewed as a case of “Rule Rationality”. This paradigm claims that people’s decision making has evolved to simple rules that perform well in most regular environments. Such an environment consists of replicas of some basic si...

Drug liking vs. drug disliking is a subjective motivational measure in humans that assesses the addiction liability of drugs. Variation in this trait is hypothesized to influence vulnerability vs. resilience toward substance abuse disorders and likely contains a genetic component. In rodents and humans, conditioned place preference (CPP)/aversion (CPA) is a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm where...

identification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in iran. so, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economic, social and technical) among wheat farmers categorized in accordance with their risk aversion degree in the mashhad county (iran) b...

Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly prescribed for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is similar to cocaine in that it inhibits the dopamine transporter to elevate extracellular dopamine levels and has reinforcing effects. As ADHD diagnoses have increased, MPH abuse has increased as well. There is evidence that DA antagonists such as Clozapine may be effective in mitigating cocai...

organizational culture of an organization is one of the fundamental staffs' job satisfaction factors. this study aimed to determine the effects of organizational culture on faculty members' job satisfaction using hofstede's model. in a descriptive applied study 61 faculty members of shahid beheshti university of medical sciences were randomly selected and studies in 2015. hofstede's model were ...

Downward phase of dose-response morphine converted U shape curve was chosen as a base for investigating the effects of different doses of naloxone (0.05-0.4 mg/Kg) on morphine reward/aversion properties using place preference method. First, male Wistar rats (200-220 g) were received morphine (1-7.5 mg/Kg) for place conditioning and marginal dose of morphine (5 mg/Kg) calculated by GraphPad soft...

Impaired social interaction is a hallmark symptom of many psychiatric diseases, including dependence syndromes (substance use disorders). Helping the addict reorient her/his behavior away from the drug of abuse toward social interaction would be of considerable therapeutic benefit. To study the neural basis of such a reorientation, we have developed several animal models in which the attractive...