This paper summarizes the trend toward introducing markets into the education sector. We begin with a brief history of the market reforms and then review recent policy developments related to vouchers, charter schools, tuition tax credits, and educational management organizations. The internal anatomy of markets are then described, recognizing both the possibility of imperfect competition and o...

Unless the concept is clearly understood, "universal coverage" (or universal health coverage, UHC) can be used to justify practically any health financing reform or scheme. This paper unpacks the definition of health financing for universal coverage as used in the World Health Organization's World health report 2010 to show how UHC embodies specific health system goals and intermediate objectiv...

In this paper, we propose Subtask-based Authorization Service (SAS) architecture to fully secure a type of application oriented to engineering and scientific computing. We minimize privileges for task by decomposing the parallel task and re-allotting the privileges required for each subtask. Community authorization module describes and applies community policies of resource permission and privi...

Grid computing [1][2][3] enables the virtualization of distributed computing and data resources such as processes, network bandwidth and storage capacity to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless access to vast IT capabilities. It brings together all heterogeneous resources and allocates them efficiently to applications. As Grid grows, the complexity of resource ...

PRSPs have achieved a useful mainstreaming of anti-poverty efforts in national policy processes in Africa. However, the seven country experiences synthesised in this article reveal differences as well as commonalities. Whether or not vicious circles of patrimonial politics, state weakness and ineffectual aid can be replaced with virtuous ones, based on greater national ownership of anti-poverty...

this paper presents future trends of urban wastes and their impacts on the environment of african cities using plausible mitigation scenarios. to accomplish this, an integrated dynamic model for urban waste flows was developed, tested, calibrated and validated. its parameter sensitivity was analyzed. using population projection up to 2052 with different levels of technological implementation, p...