Structural reliability depends on uncertainties in resistance and loads. In many practical cases the resistance dominates and a reduction of uncertainty about resistance is an effective way of increasing safety. It can be accomplished by proof loading. A truncated distribution is considered and reliability indices are calculated for various proof load levels. The structural reliability is sensi...

Legal proof and scientific have similarities differences. is a customary affair, while the nature of separates it from general custom, burdensome methodological affair. Philosophical issues proof, including induction transcendence inherent in any description, can penetrate legal cases turn into seemingly reasonable grounds for suspicions abuses. Disregarding proving laws difference between clai...

the narratives permitting common reading of quran, despite differences in the readings of imams and those of common ones, allow people to read as common reading. some persons regard seven readings as the proof of their permissibility. others, based on periods, have considered them as permissible only in the imams era. and some jurists have regarded only hafs’ narrative as the proof of these tra...

the freiheitssatz of magnus for one-relator groups is one of the cornerstones of combinatorial group theory. in this short note which is mostly expository we discuss the relationship between the freiheitssatz and corre-sponding results in free power series rings over fields. these are related to results of schneerson not readily available in english. this relationship uses a faithful representa...

As more and more items are tagged with RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, grouping-proof technology is widely utilized to provide a coexistence evidence for a group of related items. Due to the wireless channel used in RFID systems, a security risk exists in the communication between the reader and tags. How to ensure the tag’s information security and to generate reliable grouping-pro...

A simple technique for using theorem continuation functions interactively with HOL's sub-goal package is presented. An interesting aspect of the technique is that it hinges on the existence of assignable variables in ML. Suppose we wish to prove a /\ b ==> b /\ a using HOL's subgoal package 1]: 1 #g "a /\ b ==> b /\ a" ;; "a /\ b ==> b /\ a" The natural proof is to assume the antecedent a /\ b ...

Blockchain-based audit systems suffer from low scalability and high message complexity. The root cause of these shortcomings is the use “Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance” (PBFT) consensus protocol in those systems. Alternatives to PBFT have not been used blockchain-based due limited knowledge about their functional operational requirements. Currently, no blockchain testbed supports execution...

To demonstrate more visibly the close relation between thecontinuity and integrability, a new proof for the Banach-Zareckitheorem is presented on the basis of the Radon-Nikodym theoremwhich emphasizes on measure-type properties of the Lebesgueintegral. The Banach-Zarecki theorem says that a real-valuedfunction $F$ is absolutely continuous on a finite closed intervalif and only if it is continuo...

Proof constructing is the process of justifying a claim using methods and concepts proof to produce mathematical proof. also an aspect proof, often only way assess student performance. However, construction still constant problem (difficulty) for every student. The cause this difficulty not because content in textbooks/sources, over-reliance on examples, understanding, underlying logic, ability...