ABSTRACT The last few decades have witnessed a growth in the value of dentists as health professionals they act protagonists construction public policies. This change comes from powerful and representative Unified Health System (acronym Portuguese is SUS). short theoretical essay aims to bring reader closer attributes necessary for building social policy draws parallel with National Oral Policy...

while many international organisations have independent evaluations, including the international monetary fund (imf) and world health organization (who), uniquely the world bank in its 2015 world development report sought to ascertain the potential biases that influence how its staff interpret evidence and influence policy. here, we describe the world bank’s study design, including experiments ...

It is often the case that new technologies revolutionize areas of intellectual endeavor. They can lead to new analytic rigor, challenge old habits of thought, and raise new theoretical questions. Historically, the most significant technological invention for the study of language was probably alphabetic transcription systems. However, the invention of portable sound-recorders also facilitated i...

This month, the Postgraduate Medical Journal celebrates its 90th anniversary. By a nice coincidence, this happens to be the 90th article I have contributed to its pages, mainly in the form of reflective essays in this column. I feel privileged to be associated with the journal, and to be following in the footsteps of Sir William Osler, who helped to found the Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine...

Today’s school leaders need to prioritize the development of leadership capacity in classroom teachers. Leadership commonly involves either teachers expressing an interest or finding talent those whom they believe have grow into formal roles. School must be able recognize who overflow with terrific ideas and potential are less likely self-identify as candidates. However, a administrator desires...

The procedure for the grading of students’ essays in subject-based examinations is quite challenging particularly when dealing with large number of students. Hence, several automatic essay-grading systems have been designed to alleviate the demands of manual subject grading. However, relatively few of the existing systems are able to give informative feedbacks that are based on elaborate domain...

Automatic essay scoring is nowadays successfully used even in high-stakes tests, but this is mainly limited to holistic scoring of learner essays. We present a new dataset of essays written by highly proficient German native speakers that is scored using a fine-grained rubric with the goal to provide detailed feedback. Our experiments with two state-of-the-art scoring systems (a neural and a SV...

The Graduate Management Admission Council® (GMAC®) has long benefited from advances in automated essay scoring. When GMAC® adopted ETS® e-rater® in 1999, the Council’s flagship product, the Graduate Management Admission Test® (GMAT®), became the first large-scale assessment to incorporate automated essay scoring. The change was controversial at the time (Iowa State Daily, 1999; Calfee, 2000). T...