The lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the tissue spaces of most organs and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. Before reaching the circulatory system, antigens and pathogens transported by the lymph are trapped by the lymph nodes. As proposed by Florence Sabin more than a century ago and recently validated, the mammalian lymphatic vasculature has a venous origin a...

The Powell–Sabin (PS) piecewise quadratic C finite element on the PS 12-split of a triangulation is a common choice for the construction of a BPX-type preconditioner for the biharmonic equation. In this note we investigate the related Powell–Sabin element on the PS 6-split instead of the PS 12-split for the construction of such preconditioners. For the PS 6-split element multilevel spaces can b...

Wild poliovirus has remained endemic in northern Nigeria because of low coverage achieved in the routine immunization program and in supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). An outbreak of infection involving 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2; >1% divergent from Sabin 2) occurred during July 2005-June 2010, a period when 23 of 34 SIAs used monovalent or biv...

The thermosensitive defect of the Sabin LSc2ab strain of poliovirus type I was studied. Transfer of infected KB cells from 36 to 38.5 C resulted in 30% inhibition of viral RNA replication but in 90% inhibition of formation of virions. Neither 74S procapsids nor 14S particles were detected in the cells transferred to the non-permissive temperature. However, procapsids, once accumulated at 36 C, ...

The function F has three semi-infinite lines of tangent discontinuity: l1 = {(x, 0) : x ≥ 0}, l2 = {(x,−x) : x ≤ 0}, and l3 = {(x, x) : x ≤ 0} which meet at the origin. These lines, when restricted to the triangle △, divide △ into three quadrilaterals. If we further divide these quadrilaterals by the three line segments [0,x1], [0,x2], [0,x3] joining the origin to the three vertices of △ we obt...

Recently we developed multiscale spaces of C piecewise quadratic polynomials relative to arbitrary polygonal domains Ω ⊂ R. These multiscale bases are weakly stable with respect to the L2 norm. In this paper we show that these bases form strongly stable Riesz bases for the Sobolev spaces Hs(Ω) with s ∈ (2, 5 2 ).

* This investigation was supported by research grant CA-4557 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service (for the Cincinnati laboratory), and USPHS grants E-1992 and C-4965 (for the Boston laboratory). 1 Huebner, R. J., W. P. Rowe, H. C. Turner, and W. T. Lane, these PROCEEDINGS, 50, 379 (1963). 2 Sabin, A. B., and M. A. Koch, these PROCEEDINGS, 50, 407 (1963). 3 Black, P. H....

We present the construction of a multivariate normalized B-spline basis for the quadratic C-continuous spline space defined over a triangulation in R (s ≥ 1) with a generalized Powell-Sabin refinement. The basis functions have a local support, they are nonnegative, and they form a partition of unity. The construction can be interpreted geometrically as the determination of a set of s-simplices ...

Nagaoka City, a city with a population of about 150,000 in Niigata prefecture, experienced an epidemic of poliovirus type 2 infections in 1958 in which 21 paralytic cases were observed, showing a case incidence of approximately 40 per 100,000 population (Saito et al., 1960, Kitaoka, 1960). The Health Authorities of the city had been interested in introducing protective measures against polio in...

In this study we lyophilized three types of live attenuated polioviruses (Sabin vaccine strains) and evaluated the lyophilized vaccine viruses' heat stability. The virus titers were measured after heating at 37 and 45 and then compared with the titers of conventional liquid vaccine viruses similarly treated. The results showed that lyophilization, while slightly reducing vaccine virus titers,...