We describe a highly sensitive heterogeneous enzyme-linked immunoassay in which digoxin is used as the model analyte. An excess of enzyme-labeled monovalent antibody is incubated with sample containing the analyte such that all analyte is rapidly and quantitatively bound. Excess antibody that does not acquire a antigen in its binding site is rapidly removed from the mixture by passage through a...

In binding assays for determination of free (non-protein-bound) hormones in serum or plasma, the influence of the measuring system on the original analyte concentration in the sample must be considered. In one- or single-step free-hormone immunoassays, the labeled analyte or analog-tracer not only is bound to the antibody, it also is bound, to some extent, to serum proteins. The dependence of t...

OBJECTIVE Trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent is a highly sensitive assay for T vaginalis detection. We report how this diagnostic innovation influenced the sexually transmitted infection ordering practice patterns of 20 subacute-care clinicians. METHODS T vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and/or Chlamydia trachomatis screening data were audited on female swab submissions when only...

This article describes model-based methods for global optimization. After introducing the global optimization framework, modeling approaches for stochastic algorithms are presented. We differentiate between models that use a distribution and models that use an explicit surrogate model. Fundamental aspects of and recent advances in surrogate-model based optimization are discussed. Strategies for...

We describe a new multianalyte immunoassay principle and apply it to the simultaneous immunoassay of lutropin, follitropin, choriogonadotropin, and prolactin in serum. The method is based on the coating of distinct areas of polystyrene with analyte-specific antibodies. These antibodies react with the analyte and immobilize it in a specific area while another biotinylated antibody also reacts wi...

When carrying out design searches, traditional variable screening techniques can find it extremely difficult to distinguish between important and unimportant variables. This is particularly true when only a small number of simulations is combined with a parameterization which results in a large number of variables of seemingly equal importance. Here the authors present a variable reduction tech...

| The technique of surrogate data provides has been used to test for membership of particular classes of linear systems. Existing algorithms provide non-parametric methods to generate surrogates similar to the data and consistent with a given hypothesis. These non-parametric methods allow a wide range of test statistics to be utilized. We suggest an obvious extension of this to classes of nonli...

In the history of clinical immunoassay, even up to the present day, no group of tests has been subjected to more scrutiny and controversy than analog-type freeanalyte assays (1– 4 ). Unfortunately, inappropriate design of many experiments has led users to an incorrect perspective of how analog assays work. An analysis of the important series of studies by Nelson and coworkers (5–10 ) shows that...

Gas source localisation with robots is usually performed in environments with a strong, unidirectional airflow created by artificial ventilation. This tends to create a strong, well defined analyte plume and enables upwind searching. By contrast, this paper presents experiments conducted in unventilated rooms. Here, the measured concentrations also indicate an analyte plume with, however, diffe...

This review focuses on polymer field-effect transistor (PFET) based gas sensor with polymer as the sensing layer, which interacts with gas analyte and thus induces the change of source-drain current (ΔISD). Dependent on the sensing layer which can be semiconducting polymer, dielectric layer or conducting polymer gate, the PFET sensors can be subdivided into three types. For each type of sensor,...