Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a enfeeble neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increased β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neuronal dysfunction leading to impaired learning and recall. Among proposed risk factors, impaired cholinergic transmission is a main cause for incidence of disease. Methods: In the present study, effects of the intracerebroventricularly administration of an ...

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Background: It has been known that Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is involved in neural survival and long term memory (LTM). Here we hypothesized that BDNF as a potent neurotrophic factor might modulate amnestic effect induced by morphine. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine whether infusion of exogenous BDNF in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampi could ameliorate me...

objective(s): intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-a (hypocretin-1) antagonist has been shown to inhibit stress-induced analgesia. however the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been totally demonstrated. this study was performed to investigate the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) orexin receptor 1 in stress-induced analgesia (sia). materials and...

Task Irrelevant Perceptual Learning (TIPL) shows that the brain's discriminative capacity can improve also for invisible and unattended visual stimuli. It has been hypothesized that this form of "unconscious" neural plasticity is mediated by an endogenous reward mechanism triggered by the correct task performance. Although this result has challenged the mandatory role of attention in perceptual...