in this paper, an analytical solution for computing the linear plastic stresses and critical temperature and pressure in a fgm hollow cylinder under the internal pressure and temperature is developed. it has been assumed that the modulus of elasticity and thermal coefficient of expansion were varying through thickness of the fgm material according to a power law relationship. the poisson's...

This Letter presents a solution for locating hot spots in active integrated circuits (IC) and devices. This method is based on sensing the phase lag between the power periodically dissipated by a device integrated in an IC (hot spot) and its corresponding thermal gradient into the chip substrate by monitoring the heat-induced refractive index gradient with a laser beam. The experimental results...

Easy-to-use thermal cycling for performing rapid and small-volume DNA amplification on a single chip has attracted great interest in the area of rapid field detection of biological agents. For this purpose, as a more practical alternative to conventional continuous flow thermal cycling, liquid plug-flow thermal cycling utilizes a thermal gradient generated in a serpentine rectangular flow micro...

The direct conversion of solar energy to electricity can be broadly separated into two main categories: photovoltaics and thermal photovoltaics, where the former utilizes gradients in electrical potential and the latter thermal gradients. Conventional thermal photovoltaics has a high theoretical efficiency limit (84%) but in practice cannot be easily miniaturized and is limited by the engineeri...

Thermal Protection System is a key element for atmospheric re-entry missions of aerospace vehicles. The high level of heat fluxes encountered in such missions has a direct effect on mass balance of the heat shield. Consequently, the identification of heat fluxes is of great industrial interest but is in flight only available by indirect methods based on temperature measurements. This paper is c...

The self-adaptive gradient-based thresholding (SAGBT) method is a simple non-interactive coal fire detection approach involving segmentation and a threshold identification algorithm that adapts to the spatial distribution of thermal features over a landscape. SAGBT detects coal fire using multispectral thermal images acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer...

For the emergence of early life, the formation of biopolymers such as RNA is essential. However, the addition of nucleotide monomers to existing oligonucleotides requires millimolar concentrations. Even in such optimistic settings, no polymerization of RNA longer than about 20 bases could be demonstrated. How then could self-replicating ribozymes appear, for which recent experiments suggest a m...

In the field of failure analysis of integrated circuits, diagnosing functional failures is a requirement. Traditional beam-based analysis techniques use a scanning laser or ebeam to induce a parametric shift, which is monitored through changes in current or voltage driven to the device. Deep submicron technologies frustrate these analytical methods due to the nearly immeasurable parametric shif...