Background Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is a component of Graves’ disease (GD) that is difficult to treat and may be very debilitating for the patient. Orbitopathy (ophthalmopathy [harder to pronounce]) is a significant problem for about 5% to 10% of patients with Graves’ disease. The factors that cause a predisposition to it are not clear. The current study examines a database of patients with Gra...

Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease with heterogeneous symptoms including Graves' orbitopathy, has a combined genetic/environmental background, where variations within CD28/CTLA-4/ICOS genes are considered as disease markers.Association of CD28c.17+3T>C(rs3116496), CTLA-4g.319C>T(rs5742909), CTLA-4c.49A>G(rs231775), CTLA-4g.*642AT(8_33), CT60(rs3087243), Jo31(rs11571302), ICOSc.1554+4GT(8_15...

The purpose of the present article is to present and discuss two cases of globe subluxation in the active phase of myogenic Graves' orbitopathy and to evaluate the prevalence of this phenomenon. Two patients with the myogenic variant of Graves' orbitopathy that had being treated with oral and intravenous steroid pulses developed globe subluxation. Both had to have urgent eyelid and orbital deco...

The development of knowledge about the appearance, nature, origins and outcomes of the orbit and eye disorders in thyroid gland diseases has been very slow with a number of dilemmas, controversies and side tracks. It is interesting that the fi rst reliable descriptions of this unity come from a lawyer and not from a doctor. Later contributions of Arab doctors and philosophers greatly improved m...

OBJECTIVES To report photographic evidence of eyebrow tissue expansion in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and to demonstrate consistency in grading through the use of standardized photographs. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients referred for evaluation of TAO in an orbitofacial tertiary care center between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2010. A grading key w...

PURPOSE In patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), the dry eye syndrome occurs frequently, and symptoms and signs of both disorders overlap making early and accurate differential diagnosis difficult. A differentiation via specific markers is warranted. METHODS Tear fluid samples of 120 subjects with TAO, TAO + dry eye, dry eye, and controls were collected. The samples were measure...