Ophthalmopathy is one of the known presenting features of Grave’s disease. Its due to development of antithyroid receptor antibodies. Rarely it may be associated with thyroid malignancies developing in the Grave’s nodule. There are few case reports of patients with coexisting thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) and thyroid carcinoma. Sometimes it may be the presenting symptom of an occult thyr...

Graves' thyroid disease is a relatively common disorder in endocrinology and general internal medicine practice. Graves' hyperthyroidism is mediated by circulating stimulating autoantibodies. Up to 60% of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism develop some form of Graves' orbitopathy. Immune reactivity to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is also thought to play a role in the immunopathog...

we determined the frequency of clinical thyroid ophthalmopathy in iranian patients. this cross-sectional study was performed at the endocrinology institute of tehran university of medical sciences. all patients with documented thyroid disorders from september 2003 to july 2005 were recruited. eye examinations included evaluation of soft tissue changes, measurement of proptosis, lid width, lagop...

Dysthyroid orbitopathy or Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a heterogeneous autoimmune orbital inflammatory reaction typically manifested in middle age. The various orbital presentations are lid retraction proptosis, dry eyes, strabismus, diplopia, restriction in extraocular ocular movement and compressive optic neuropathy. The mainstay of therapy for the severe cases remains surgical dec...

INTRODUCTION Graves' orbitopathy is the extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease and the most common cause of exophthalmos. It is also known as thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) as it occasionally occurs in euthyroid or hypothyroid patients with chronic thyroiditis. 5% of patients with Graves' orbitopathy can be euthyroid or hypothyroid as they have low titers of anti-thyrotropin-rec...

Background: Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder. It usually occurs in association with hyperthyroidism. Systemic corticosteroids provide the mainstay treatment for patients with severe and active orbitopathy, but its benefit is associated with important side effects. Attempts to reduce the systemic effects of corticosteroid by using local steroid administration by ret...

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is a set of ophthalmic symptoms resulting from an autoimmune process in which the swelling of extraocular tissues leads to exophthalmos either caused by hypersecretion and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the orbit fibroblasts or being the result of inflammatory processes in the oculomotor. These changes cause eyeball motility disturbances, keratopathy, and t...

Background. Graves' disease may have a number of clinical manifestations with varying degrees of activity that may not always run in parallel. Objectives. To study associations between serum levels of TSH-receptor autoantibodies and the three main manifestations of Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism, goiter, and presence of orbitopathy) at the time of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Methods. We des...

BACKGROUND To describe an episode of thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) following the initiation of thiazolidinedione (TZD). CASE PRESENTATION We report a female patient with a history of Graves' disease and stabilised thyroid associated orbitopathy for 2.5 years, who experienced rapid progression of TAO after the initiation of thiazolidinedione for glycemic control. Following the discontin...