Thyroid orbitopathy is the most prevalent non-thyroid symptom in Graves' syndrome. It has a high incidence and particularly affects young women. Smoking is clearly involved in its development and progress, and in its response to different treatments. This autoimmune condition usually has a benign course, independent from hyperthyroidism, but its severe, progressive forms represent a major thera...

The clinical features of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) with eyelid retraction (Dalrymple’s sign), lid-lag (von Graefe’s sign), lagophthalmos, exophthalmos, motility disorders and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) are all well known. The underlying disease is autoimmune thyroid disease and it is often associated with pretibial myxedema and acropachy. The combination of bilateral exophthalmos, lid ret...

We have recently shown that wild type mice are highly tolerant, whereas thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) knockout (KO) mice are susceptible to immunization with the mouse TSHR, the autoantigen in Graves' disease. However, because TSHR KO mice lack the endogenous TSHR, Graves-like hyperthyroidism cannot be expected to occur in these mice. We therefore performed adoptive transfer of splenocytes from T...

Purpose To describe the effect of tocilizumab in two patients with thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO). Observations We present two patients with TAO who could not tolerate corticosteroids and had a reduction in clinical and laboratory markers of inflammatory activity with subsequent tocilizumab therapy. Conclusions and importance The IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab is a promising candi...

Background Type one diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM) is the most common type of diabetes in children and adolescents, arising through a complex interaction of immune, genetic and environmental factors. Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most frequent disorder associated with Type one diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children and adolescents ...