Cyanotic spells, also known as blue spells, dying spells, or apparent life-threatening events, refer to a bluish tone visible in the mucosal membranes and skin caused by an oxygen decrease in the peripheral circulation. Although this decrease may be transient and benign, it may also be indicative of a severe underlying problem that requires immediate intervention. Children with oesophageal atre...

Vascular compression of the tracheobronchial tree frequently presents early in infancy with significant airway compromise. For this reason, the pediatric otolaryngologist is often consulted early in the assessment of these patients. Three unusual cases of tracheobronchial vascular compression are presented. The diagnosis and management of children with tracheobronchial vascular compression is d...

Two children born with birth defects after intrauterine exposure to valproic acid are reported. The mothers took the drug throughout pregnancy as sole treatment for primary generalized epilepsy. The first baby showed facial dysmorphism, arachnodactyly and triphalangeal thumbs. The second had facial dysmorphism, severe laryngeal hypoplasia, tracheomalacia and an aberrant innominate artery that c...

BACKGROUND Tracheomalacia (TM) is a condition of excessive tracheal collapse during exhalation. Both acquired and congenital forms of TM are believed to result from morphological changes in cartilaginous, fibrous and/or smooth muscle tissues reducing airway mechanical properties to a degree that precipitates collapse. However, neither the specific amount of mechanical property reduction nor the...

BACKGROUND Laryngotracheal stenosis is difficult to treat and its etiologies are multiple; nowadays, the most common ones are postintubation or posttracheostomy stenoses. OBJECTIVE To provide an algorithm for the management of postintubation laryngotracheal stenoses (PILTS) based on the experience of a tertiary care referral center. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on all patient...

Paediatric laryngotracheobronchomalacia is a rare and extremely challenging scenario with risk of complete airway collapse under general anaesthesia. Laryngomalacia causes the supralaryngeal structures during inspiration as it associated short aryepiglottic folds, redundant arytenoid mucosa prolapsing into glottis long curled epiglottis. Tracheomalacia tracheo-bronchomalacia are characterized b...