Physicians, Dickens scholars, and historians have tried to diagnose the condition that affected Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol. Leading entities include tuberculosis (TB), rickets, malnutrition, cerebral palsy, spinal dysraphism, and renal tubular acidosis. This article posits that an examination of the environment of London of 1820 to 1843 (when the novella was written) can provide important cl...

* The authors are appreciative of the support for this research from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Ford Foundation, and the Harrison Steans Foundation. We also thank the Chicago Health Policy Research Council and the Ford Foundation for dissertation fellowships to the first author, and the Ford Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship to the first author at the Program on Poverty, t...

Concerns have been raised about the implications of genetics for insurance and care costs, both from the public’s and the insurance industry's points of view. Insurers worry that applicants might have increasingly precise knowledge of their own risks, which will lead to adverse selection. Public worries focus on the creation of a “genetic underclass” that cannot get access to insurance or essen...

Retired Harvard University economist John Kenneth Gaibraith developed an illustrious career arguing that the public sector should be expanded and that the private sector—especially dominant large firms that make up the “new industrial state”—should be more tightly controlled by government (Galbraith 1967). With wit and a writing style that remains the envy ofnovelists, Galbraith has argued for ...

In this article, we address a gap in the scholarship on (super)diversity, discrimination and racism by placing experiences of non-western migrants Roma people same conceptual framework stigmatization based racialization aporophobia. Including (formally non-recognized) national minority, Spanish Roma, such an analysis implies moving from superdiversity applied to immigrants broader one, which al...

Within 20 years newborn babies may be issued with genetic identity cards which spell out their potential future health, a development which may lead to a genetic underclass unless the issue is properly debated, the head of one of Britain’s leading research charities has warned. Sir Paul Nurse, head of Cancer Research UK and 2001 Nobel prizewinner and also chair of the Royal Society’s science in...

Big Data and Big Data Analytics (BD and BDA, respectively) have burst onto the scene in the popular culture in recent years, perhaps most notably in the form of Nate Silver’s high profile predictions in the political and professional sports arenas. According to futurist Tyler Cowen, modern society will soon be reordered, with creators and tenders of incredibly complex datasets and the artificia...

This article analyzes an incident of speculation on withdrawn White Guard banknotes that took place in Omsk the first months Soviet power restoration. It is interest both from standpoint history finance and currency law urban everyday life. Illegal actions suppressed 1920 by police are spiced up fact main defendants were representatives Eastern European peoples who, for various reasons, found t...